Pedestrian Performance Measures of an M/G/C/C State Dependent Queuing Network in Emergency

Kawsar, Luthful Alahi; Ghani, Noraida Abdul; Kamil, Anton Abdulbasah; Mustafa, Adli

doi:10.3923/jas.2013.437.443

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This situation represents that arrival sources are located at the origin of the corridors. For the fourth corridor, the traveling distance is only 2.7 m. This situation represents that the corridor has multiple arrival sources located along the corridor and the average distance of the arrival sources to the end of the corridor is 2.7 m. More details on this can be found in other articles (e.g., [6,9]). Our objective is to find the arrival rates that maximize the throughput of the corridors.…”

Section: Pedestrian Traffic and Congestion Modelmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Our source of innovation is driven by previous research arguing that an M / G / C /C network is an appropriate tool for modeling congestion in a state‐dependent system. The approach has extensively been used to evaluate the performance of evacuating occupants from a facility (e.g., multi‐story building and hall ), flowing vehicles through a road , and handling materials in an accumulating conveyer system . The analytical results have also been validated using a discrete event simulation model constructed either using a programming language or simulation software .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analyzing and optimizing pedestrian flow through a topological network based on M/G/C/C and network flow approaches

Khalid

Baten

Nawawi

et al. 2015

J of Advced Transportation

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SUMMARYAn M/G/C/C state dependent queuing network measures the performance of a system whose service rate decreases with the increasing number of residing entities. However, the performance in terms of throughputs, levels of congestions, the expected number of entities, and the expected service time is typically analyzed based on a series of arrival rates without any further discussion on the optimal arrival rate. This paper derives the optimal arrival rates of corridors in a topological network using calculus and numerical analysis approaches. These optimal rates are then used as capacity parameters in the network's flow model to obtain the optimal arrival rates that maximize its total throughput. To ease the construction and performance evaluation of the network, we design and construct an M/G/C/C framework based on the Object-Oriented Programming approach that integrates the LINGO software as an optimization tool. The framework is then tested on virtual and real networks. This framework can be used to develop a more advanced traffic management tool for studying and managing traffic flow through a complex network. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.KEY WORDS: M/G/C/C state dependent; network flow model; queuing system; performance evaluation; topological network INTRODUCTIONQueuing networks have long been used to explore the effects of capacity constrained resources on common performance measures such as throughputs and response time. The resources' service times in most queuing systems strictly fluctuate according to a statistical distribution regardless of the number of residing entities. Examples of systems that follow this behavior include service, production, and manufacturing processes. Other systems meanwhile physically adjust their service times based on the current number of entities. This behavior can be best described using an M/G/C/C state dependent queuing network. The M/G/C/C network imitates how residing entities affect a resource's service time and influence its system's performance. Common performance measures collected are the throughput, blocking probability, expected number of entities, and expected service time. The service time becomes longer when the number of requesting entities increases. However, any decrement of the number will speed up the processing time to offer better service. Examples of systems that follow this behavior are entities moving through a constrained network; for example, a corridor and road.The maximum number of residing entities in an M/G/C/C system is limited by the capacity of its resource. Because the capacity (i.e., the available space to accommodate entities) is fixed, the only parameter that can be controlled to improve its performance is the current number of residing entities. The number is implicitly influenced by the arrival rates of entities into the system. Slow arrival rates † Transp. 2016; 50:96-119 Published online 11 September 2015 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002DOI: 10. /atr.1330 make the system process the re...

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Section: Pedestrian Traffic and Congestion Modelmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing and optimizing pedestrian flow through a topological network based on M/G/C/C and network flow approaches

Khalid

Baten

Nawawi

et al. 2015

J of Advced Transportation

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“…The M/G/C/C mathematical model has been presented in many previous literature [e.g., 4,5,13,14,17,18,19,20,21,22]. It was first formulated by Yuhaski and Smith [22] relating the density of pedestrians to current walking speeds as follows: Based on this model, the limiting probabilities for the number of pedestrians are formulated as:…”

Section: An M/g/c/c Analytical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These topologies can be seen in commercial service, social service, telecommunication, transportation and manufacturing systems. The M/G/C/C approach has been applied in evacuating occupants from a facility [9,10,11,12,13], flowing vehicles through a road [14,15] and handling materials in an accumulating conveyer system [16].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing and Optimizing Pedestrian Flow through a Single Route in a Topological Network

Khalid¹,

Nawawi²,

Baten³

et al. 2018

IJET

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In emergency cases, people are typically recommended to use the shortest route to minimize their travelling time. This recommendation may however not yield the optimal performance in the long run since the route may be over utilized after a certain point of time and this situation eventually causes heavy blockages. This paper thus measures the pedestrian flow performance through all available single routes in a topological network based on relevant arrival rates. The performance was measured using an M/G/C/C state dependent queuing approach which dynamically models pedestrians' walking speed in relation to their current density in a route. The analysis was based on an imaginary network consisting of various routes and topologies. For each route, its performance in terms of the throughput, blocking probability, expected number of pedestrians and expected travel time was first evaluated. The performance was then compared to each other and also compared to the flow performance if all available routes were utilized. The results indicated that the shortest route did not necessarily generate the optimal throughput and that the utilization of all available routes to flow pedestrians generated better performance. The optimal performance could be obtained if the arrival rate was controlled at a certain level.

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“…On the pedestrian side, strategies for evacuating occupants from a facility have been the focus of a number of studies (e.g., ). Another topic of wide concern is the designs for improving walkability, for example, via human‐centered street designs .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Special issue: Public transit and pedestrian studies

2015

J of Advced Transportation

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In the past decade, public transportation and pedestrian traffic issues have gained rapidly increasing attention in both academia and industry, partly thanks to the greater appreciation of sustainable urban transport. Recent advances in data analytics have further motivated research on better estimation methods and management strategies in the realms of public transit and pedestrian studies.One prevailing topic in these realms is transit service reliability, which has long been recognized as a dominant factor of service quality and ridership of transit systems [1,2]. To explore the causes of unreliability, better models of transit travel time variability are needed [3]. Another topic of broad interest is passenger demand estimation, which proved to be essential for both short-term and longterm service planning [4]. This includes the estimation of passenger arrival, departure, and transfer flows at stations of a complex transit network [5,6]. The estimation results can be further used, for example, to jointly optimize passenger travel time and fuel consumption for rail transit [7].On the pedestrian side, strategies for evacuating occupants from a facility have been the focus of a number of studies (e.g., [8]). Another topic of wide concern is the designs for improving walkability, for example, via human-centered street designs [9].This special issue, including six select papers, was well suited to the emerging research needs described in the preceding text. Four out of the six papers are in the realm of transit, which presented more advanced models and approaches (e.g., mixture models, Box-Jenkins method, and multi-class traffic assignment) for improving the accuracy, efficiency, and automatization of demand forecast, travel time estimation, and service optimization of real-world transit systems. The other two are pedestrian studies, which pertain to the optimal ways for pedestrian evacuation through a complex queueing network, and the perceptions of human-centered street design elements, respectively. More details are furnished as follows.We start from the work by Ma et al.[10] on modeling the distributions of day-to-day bus travel times, which is a key prerequisite for transit reliability analysis. Although there have been ample empirical studies in this realm, those studies unveiled inconsistent conclusions because of the limitation of data sets and evaluation approaches. To this end, the authors proposed a novel evaluation approach and a more complete set of performance measures (including not only the fitting accuracy, but also the robustness and the explanatory power) to identify better travel time-distribution models in the category of mixture models. Using automatic vehicle location data collected on two typical bus routes in Brisbane over a period of 6 months, the Gaussian Mixture Models were shown to be superior to its alternatives (e.g., normal, Weibull, lognormal, and log-logistic distributions, which have been widely used in the literature). The analysis also showed that the levels of spatial and tem...

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Pedestrian Performance Measures of an M/G/C/C State Dependent Queuing Network in Emergency

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Analyzing and optimizing pedestrian flow through a topological network based on M/G/C/C and network flow approaches

Analyzing and optimizing pedestrian flow through a topological network based on M/G/C/C and network flow approaches

Analyzing and Optimizing Pedestrian Flow through a Single Route in a Topological Network

Special issue: Public transit and pedestrian studies

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