Pediatric Barcelona Olfactory Test ̶ 6 (pBOT-6): Validation of a Combined Odor Identification and Threshold Screening Test in Healthy Spanish Children and Adolescents

Mariño‐Sánchez, Franklin; Valls-Mateus, Meritxell; Fragola, Claudio; Santos, Gonzalo de los; Aguirre, A Leonardo; Alonso, Jorge Cobos; Valero, Jesus N.; Santamaría, A; Rojas-Lechuga, María Jesús; Cobeta, Ignacio; Alobid, Isam; Mullol, Joaquim

doi:10.18176/jiaci.0451

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Similar limited reliability of the identification test was found in children and adolescent populations with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83 in the study by Marino‐Sanchez et al. [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Indeed, in the Spanish validation of Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test (TDI), Delgado-Losada et al reported a moderate testretest reliability value of the identification test (r s = 0.69) using Pearson and intraclass coefficient correlation [26], while Haehner et al reported a value of 0.88 [27]. Similar limited reliability of the identification test was found in children and adolescent populations with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83 in the study by Marino-Sanchez et al [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Prevalence and 24‐month recovery of olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients: A multicentre prospective study

2022

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Objective To investigate the prevalence and recovery of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in COVID‐19 patients 24 months after the infection. Methods From 22 March 2020 to 5 June 2022, 251 COVID‐19 patients were followed in three European medical centres. Olfactory function was assessed with subjective patient‐reported outcome questionnaires and odour identification tests at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months postinfection. The predictive values of epidemiological and clinical data were investigated with multivariate analysis. Results One hundred and seventy‐one patients completed the evaluations. The odour identification test revealed that 123 patients (50.8%) had OD at baseline. The prevalence of persistent psychophysical abnormalities at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post‐COVID‐19 was 24.2%, 17.9%, 5.8% and 2.9%, respectively ( p = 0.001). Parosmia occurred in 40 patients (23.4%) and lasted 60 ± 119 days. At 2 years, 51 patients (29.8%) self reported that their olfaction was unnormalised. Older patients had better odour identification evaluations at baseline ( p < 0.001) but those with OD reported lower odour identification test scores at the end of the follow‐up. Parosmia occurred more frequently in young patients. The olfactory training was significantly associated with higher values of Sniffin’ Sticks tests at 18 months postinfection (r s = 0.678; p < 0.001). Conclusion Two years post‐COVID‐19, 29.8% of patients reported persistent OD, but only 2.9% had abnormal identification psychophysical evaluations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Prevalence and 24‐month recovery of olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients: A multicentre prospective study

2022

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“…The advantages of the BOT-8 smell test are the short time needed for application (around 3 to 6 minutes) and the fact that it is easy-to perform and reusable. Recently, the pediatric Barcelona Olfactory Test-6 (pBOT-6), which includes an identification and threshold test and was validated for Spanish children, demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for detecting hyposmia [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 8-Odorant Barcelona Olfactory Test (BOT-8): Validation of a New Test in the Spanish Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Rojas-Lechuga¹,

Ceballos²,

Valls-Mateus³

et al. 2022

J Investig Allergol Clin

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Background: In daily clinical practice, most smell tests are difficult to implement due to their long duration. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a short, easy to perform, and reusable smell test to be implemented during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: 120 healthy adults and 195 patients with self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD) were included. Barcelona Olfactory Test (BOT-8) was used for detection, memory/recognition, and forced-choice identification. In addition, rose threshold test and VAS was performed. The Smell Diskettes Olfaction test (SDOT) was used for correlation in healthy volunteers, and UPSITTM for patients with OD to stablish an anosmia and hyposmia cut-off point. Considering COVID-19 pandemic disposable cotton swabs with odorants were compared with the original test. Results: In healthy population, BOT-8 mean scores for detection was 100%, memory/recognition was 94.5% (SD=1.07), and identification was 89.6% (SD=0.86). In OD patients was 86% (SD=32.8), 73.2% (SD=37.9) and 77.1% (SD=34.2), respectively. BOT-8 demonstrated good test–retest reliability with a 96.7% of observed agreement and a quadratic kappa of 0.84 (p<0.001). Strong correlation was observed for BOT-8 with SDOT (r=0.67, p<0.001) and UPSITTM (r=0.86, p<0.001). Disposable cotton swabs showed an excellent agreement with a kappa of 0.79 compared to the original test. The cut-off point for anosmia was ≤ 3 (AUC=0.83, Se= 0.673, Sp=0.993). Conclusions: BOT-8 offers an efficient and fast method to be used in clinical routine to assess the smell threshold, detection, memory, and identification. Disposable cotton swabs with odorants are a useful and safe method during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…Several of the previously described psychophysical tests are suitable for the paediatric population, aged as low as 5 years old. Specific adaptations for children include the ‘U-sniff’, adapted from the Sniffin’ Sticks, and the paediatric Barcelona Olfaction Test (pBOT-6) [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Psychophysical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychophysical Testing in Chemosensory Disorders

Fahmy

Whitcroft

2022

Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep

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Purpose of Review To provide an overview of psychophysical testing in olfaction and gustation. Recent Findings Subjective patient report correlates poorly with objective assessment of olfaction and gustation. It is therefore important that clinicians and researchers perform psychophysical testing during chemosensory assessment. There are several validated psychophysical tests of olfaction and gustation, with ongoing developments accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. These tests have been culturally and linguistically adapted globally. Screening tests have been developed with careful consideration to distinguish normosmics from those with olfactory dysfunction. Summary Validated chemosensory tools are available for use by the clinician to support screening, diagnosis, or monitoring. There are promising advances in self-assessment and screening that provide avenues for the development of a standardised pathway for identification and formal assessment of patients with smell and taste disorders.

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Pediatric Barcelona Olfactory Test ̶ 6 (pBOT-6): Validation of a Combined Odor Identification and Threshold Screening Test in Healthy Spanish Children and Adolescents

Abstract: This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as

Cited by 14 publications

References 39 publications

Prevalence and 24‐month recovery of olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients: A multicentre prospective study

Prevalence and 24‐month recovery of olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients: A multicentre prospective study

The 8-Odorant Barcelona Olfactory Test (BOT-8): Validation of a New Test in the Spanish Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Psychophysical Testing in Chemosensory Disorders

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