Pediatric Intestinal Failure: Nutrition, Pharmacologic, and Surgical Approaches

Abstract

Intestinal failure (IF) is a condition where there is insufficient functional bowel to allow for adequate nutrient and fluid absorption to sustain adequate growth in children. Several etiologies can predispose to IF, including necrotizing enterocolitis, gastroschisis, and intestinal atresias. Intestinal rehabilitation can be seen as a 3-pronged strategy merging nutrition, pharmacologic, and surgical approaches to achieve the ultimate goal of enteral nutrition. Nutrition approaches should seek to facilitate transition from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition because prolonged use of PN is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Enteral nutrition, on the other hand, promotes and enhances an adaptive response in the intestine. Medications used in the treatment of IF may help alleviate symptoms of diarrhea, bacterial overgrowth, and gastrointestinal dysmotility. Surgical procedures, such as longitudinal intestinal lengthening and tapering (LILT) or serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP), can increase mucosal surface area and may enhance intestinal adaptation. IF is a difficult disease process with a complex patient population and is best guided through this 3-pronged approach by a multidisciplinary team featuring surgeons, gastroenterologists, dietitians, pharmacists, and nurses.

Short-Bowel Syndrome in Children — An Update in Management Strategies

“…Age, the presence of ICV and the length of the residual colon did not affect survival. In conclusion, LILT seems to increase the function of the residual small bowel; survival rates reach as high as 100% (range 30% to 100%), improvement is noted in intestinal transit, stool frequency, intestinal absorption, weight gain and, in 50% of cases, weaning off parenteral nutrition is observed [51,[52][53][54][55][56].…”

Intestinal Failure/Nontransplant surgical interventions for short bowel syndrome

“…İlerlemenin sağlandığı konular; bağırsak transit zamanının uzaması, dışkılama sayısının düzelmesi, emilim, kilo alımı, %50 olguda TPN'den ayrılma olarak özetlenebilir (58,(61)(62)(63)(64)(65)(66) .…”

Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease in Pediatric Patients: Strategies for Treatment and Prevention

“…The most effective therapy for PNALD is achievement of enteral nutrition either orally or via a feeding tube [ 52 ]. Cholestasis develops more commonly in pediatric patients who are unable to tolerate any enteral feeding [ 27 ].…”