Pediatric measures of pain: The Pain Behavior Observation Method, Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ), and Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)

Abstract

BACKGROUND The current study was performed to assess whether sequential potentially noncross‐resistant chemotherapy prolongs disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with operable breast carcinoma. METHODS Seven hundred eighty‐nine patients were registered and followed for a median of 10 years. They were treated in two groups. In Group 1, patients age < 50 years or age > 50 years but with either negative or unknown estrogen receptor (ER) status were randomized to receive 6 cycles of 5‐fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) alone or followed by 4 cycles of methotrexate and vinblastine (MV). In Group 2, patients age ≥ 50 years with ER‐positive disease were randomized to receive either tamoxifen or combination chemotherapy (FAC + MV) for 10 cycles. Analysis was performed according to allocated treatment (intention to treat), with all randomized patients included. RESULTS In Group 1 there were no significant differences with regard to DFS or OS between the two treatment arms. The DFS at 5 years was 0.70 and 0.76, respectively, for FAC compared with FAC+MV (P = 0.26). The OS was similar for both groups (0.84 vs. 0.83). It is interesting to note that there was a statistically nonsignificant trend for improved DFS in the FAC + MV arm for patients who were ER‐positive. In Group 2, tamoxifen alone led to more prolonged DFS compared to FAC+MV (0.78 vs. 0.66, respectively) but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.28). OS also was associated with a trend (P = 0.86) toward prolonged survival for the tamoxifen arm compared with the FAC+MV arm (0.85 vs. 0.74, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current trial concerning sequential adjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast carcinoma, which to our knowledge contains the longest follow‐up presented to date, failed to demonstrate any additional benefit from the addition of 4 cycles of MV to 6 cycles of FAC chemotherapy. Cancer 2003;97:2716–23. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11396

Executive Functioning Mediates the Relationship Between Pain Coping and Quality of Life in Youth With Sickle Cell Disease

“…Higher-order scales were used for analyses, and higher scores indicate greater use of the coping strategy. The PCQ demonstrates good internal consistency and validity across subscales; Cronbach's alpha of higher-order scales in this sample was comparable with previous studies (range ¼ .73-.82; Rapoff, 2003;Reid, Gilbert, & McGrath, 1998). Consistent with previous work (Blount et al 2008), coping behaviors within the approach and problem-focused scales were considered adaptive and those within the emotion-focused scale were considered maladaptive.…”

Patient Versus Parental Perceptions about Pain and Disability in Children and Adolescents with a Variety of Chronic Pain Conditions

“…An evidence-based review of the various assessment tools for pediatric pain, including pain intensity self-report scales, rated the VAS and PPQ as "well established" (28). The PPQ has been one of the most widely used comprehensive pain questionnaire for children and adolescents with chronic pain disorders (29). disability and functional impairment -FdI: The FDI is a parallel patient self-report and parent proxy-report questionnaire for children and adolescents (eight to 17 years of age) that assesses perceived difficulty in performing activities in the context of school, home, recreation and social interaction (11,30).…”

A Clinical Profile of a Cohort of Patients Referred to an Anesthesiology-Based Pediatric Chronic Pain Medicine Program

“…17 The PPQ has been the most widely used comprehensive pain questionnaire for children and adolescents with chronic pain disorders. 18 The PedsQL Generic Core Scales…”