Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Genes, Environment, and a Comprehensive Therapeutic Approach

Cappa, Ryan; Theroux, Liana; Brenton, J. Nicholas

doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.07.005

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…When investigating the association between DRB1*15:01 and SNPs in LD, and age at onset, each DRB1*15:01 allele was associated with 10.6 months reduction in age at onset with no other SNPs showing strong evidence of association [ 23 ]. Similarly, studies of environmental factors suggest shared risk factors between childhood- and adult-onset disease [ 12 ]. Many of the risk factors for adult-onset MS appear to have critical periods during adolescence [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have reported that carriers of the allele HLA-DRB1*15 develop the disease earlier than non-carriers [ 9 – 11 ], indicating a potential genetic role in the timing of disease onset. Studies of environmental factors have suggested shared risk factors between childhood- and adult-onset disease, including exposure to tobacco smoke, Epstein–Barr virus infection, and obesity [ 12 ]. Further, there are shared genetic risk factors between childhood- and adult-onset disease, with HLA-DRB1*15 and 28 out of 104 tested non-MHC variants (23%) associated to MS in the early-onset group [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Familial risk of early- and late-onset multiple sclerosis: a Swedish nationwide study

et al. 2018

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Background Persons who develop multiple sclerosis (MS) at a young age may bear a higher genetic risk load than persons who develop MS later in life; however, the contribution of familial influence to the risk of MS, in relation to onset age, has not been established. Objective To investigate the familial risk of MS at two extremes of the spectrum of MS onset age: early onset (first MS symptom < 18 years of age) and late onset (first MS symptom ≥ 50 years). Methods Nationwide registries in Sweden were used to identify cases of MS and controls, and their familial relations. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of an MS diagnosis for individuals with a relative diagnosed with early-onset or late-onset MS compared with those whose relatives did not have MS, using a nested case–control design. Results 629 early-onset and 1148 late-onset MS patients were identified and matched to 10 controls from the general population by age and sex. The OR of MS for individuals with a first-degree relative diagnosed with early-onset MS was 10.86 (95% CI 6.87–17.17); and for late-onset MS was 8.08 (95% CI 6.12–10.67). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate no substantial differences in familial risk in persons with early- and late-onset MS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Familial risk of early- and late-onset multiple sclerosis: a Swedish nationwide study

et al. 2018

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“…Both genetic and environmental risk factors for MS in children have been identified, many of which are shared with adults. 12 Children with MS are in close temporal proximity to the biological onset of the disease, which aids the study of contributing environmental exposures as children are often living in a stable environmental milieu.…”

Section: Epidemiology and Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Sclerosis in Children: Current and Emerging Concepts

et al. 2020

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Multiple sclerosis is being increasingly recognized and diagnosed in children. In the past several years, advances have been made in diagnosing multiple sclerosis in children, identifying new genetic and environmental risk factors, delineating underlying immunobiology, characterizing imaging findings, and implementing new treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss these advances. Future research into the determinants of multiple sclerosis in children and into new treatment options will be aided by continued international collaboration.

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“…It was as early as in the seventies of the 20 c. that relation was first shown between the major histocompatibility complex (HLA) and the onset of MS. Multiple European studies proved that the presence of haplotype HLA-DR15 ( allele DRB1 * 1501 and allele: DQA1 * 0102 and DQB1 * 0602) is associated with about threefold increase of the MS risk while the presence of HLA-A * 02 is directly associated with reduced risk of MS [5]. Moreover, studies of the whole genome (GWAS) pointed to over 200 loci of autosomal susceptibility beyond the major histocompatibility complex (HLA), including e.g.…”

Section: Genetic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Sclerosis – Risk Factors

2020

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmunological condition of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting mainly young adult individuals. The prevalence ranges approximately between 50 and 300 per 100000 individuals. It is characterized by an inflammatory process, demyelination and axonal loss. Immunological mechanisms resulting in the damage to the myelin sheath effecting then in impaired nerve impulse conduction have the key role in MS pathogenesis. The role of inflammatory factors has also been proved. However, it has not been explicitly shown whether such an inflammatory process is the triggering factor or secondary to a yet unknown infectious factor or a degenerative process of the CNS. Therefore, recognition of the epigenetic risk factors, such as: geographical latitude, vitamin D level, hygiene hypothesis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and others may contribute to better understanding of the mechanism underlying multiple sclerosis. Additionally, they may provide guidelines for more efficient therapies and better prevention of the disease. Aim of this review is to present most current data on multiple sclerosis risk factors, considering those less known.

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Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Genes, Environment, and a Comprehensive Therapeutic Approach

Cited by 22 publications

References 133 publications

Familial risk of early- and late-onset multiple sclerosis: a Swedish nationwide study

Familial risk of early- and late-onset multiple sclerosis: a Swedish nationwide study

Multiple Sclerosis in Children: Current and Emerging Concepts

Multiple Sclerosis – Risk Factors

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