“…This is despite the fact that was described by Seal and Thomas in 1965 20 . The ability with CT to perform multiplanar reconstruction, three‐dimensional reconstruction, 4 and three‐dimensional volume rendering 9 make it an extremely useful tool in this respect.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In particular, some combinations of lymphadenopathy cause‐specific air‐way compressions, for example, the combination of large subcarinal and large right hilar lymphadenopathy causes compression of the bronchus intermedius 19 . CT is also the best way of imaging the airways of children with LBTB 4 …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Primary TB results from the inhalation of droplets containing the causative organism, M. tuberculosis . Because of their immature immune system and poor cell‐mediated immunity, infants and younger children (<5 years old) are more likely to develop TB when infected 4 . These infected droplets cause a localized pneumonic process, called the Ghon focus.…”
Lymphobronchial tuberculosis (LBTB) is tuberculous lymphadenopathy affecting the airways, which is particularly common in children with primary TB. Airway compression by lymphadenopathy causes downstream parenchymal pathology, which may ultimately result in irreversible lung destruction, if not treated timeously.Computed tomography (CT) is considered the "gold standard" for detecting mediastinal lymph nodes in children with TB. CT is also the best way of imaging the
“…This is despite the fact that was described by Seal and Thomas in 1965 20 . The ability with CT to perform multiplanar reconstruction, three‐dimensional reconstruction, 4 and three‐dimensional volume rendering 9 make it an extremely useful tool in this respect.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In particular, some combinations of lymphadenopathy cause‐specific air‐way compressions, for example, the combination of large subcarinal and large right hilar lymphadenopathy causes compression of the bronchus intermedius 19 . CT is also the best way of imaging the airways of children with LBTB 4 …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Primary TB results from the inhalation of droplets containing the causative organism, M. tuberculosis . Because of their immature immune system and poor cell‐mediated immunity, infants and younger children (<5 years old) are more likely to develop TB when infected 4 . These infected droplets cause a localized pneumonic process, called the Ghon focus.…”
Lymphobronchial tuberculosis (LBTB) is tuberculous lymphadenopathy affecting the airways, which is particularly common in children with primary TB. Airway compression by lymphadenopathy causes downstream parenchymal pathology, which may ultimately result in irreversible lung destruction, if not treated timeously.Computed tomography (CT) is considered the "gold standard" for detecting mediastinal lymph nodes in children with TB. CT is also the best way of imaging the
“…Finally, chest ultrasonography is useful for evaluating mediastinal lymphadenopathy and pericardial effusions. Also, it is the preferred imaging modality in differentiating loculated from free-flowing pleural effusions [26, 27]. Fig.…”
Section: Step 1: Identify Findings Suggestive Of Tb Diseasementioning
The accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children remains challenging. A myriad of common childhood diseases can present with similar symptoms and signs, and differentiating between exposure and infection, as well as infection and disease can be problematic. The paucibacillary nature of childhood TB complicates bacteriological confirmation and specimen collection is difficult. In most instances intrathoracic TB remains a clinical diagnosis. TB infection and disease represent a dynamic continuum from TB exposure with/without infection, to subclinical/incipient disease, to non-severe and severe disease. The clinical spectrum of intrathoracic TB in children is broad, and the classification of clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and laboratory findings into recognized clinical syndromes allows a more refined diagnostic approach in order to minimize both under- and over-diagnosis. Bacteriological confirmation can be improved significantly by collecting multiple, high-quality specimens from the most appropriate source. Mycobacterial testing should include traditional smear microscopy and culture, as well as nucleic acid amplification testing. A systematic approach to the child with recent exposure to TB, or with clinical and radiological findings compatible with this diagnosis, should allow pragmatic classification as TB exposure, infection, or disease to facilitate timely and appropriate management. It is important to also assess risk factors for TB disease progression and to undertake follow-up evaluations to monitor treatment response and ongoing evidence supporting a TB, or alternative, diagnosis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s41479-016-0023-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Airway compression was more severe in infants and most commonly involved the bronchus intermedius. Numerous parenchymal complications were documented, all showing right-side predominance.
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