Pedodiversität einer Metropole

Makki, Mohsen

doi:10.1007/s00548-015-0377-x

Cited by 2 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…While the pH in natural sites in the BMA usually follows a natural distribution pattern, anthropogenically influenced soils often exhibit a large range (Fig. 4), with a tendency to increase from top to subsoil or underground (Makki 2015b). pH values in Podzols (pH~3-4.5) and Cambisols (pH~4-5) are generally low, while Luvisols (pH~5-7.5) are moderately acidic to very slightly alkaline.…”

Section: Creation Of Additional Soil-related Data Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2b) varies even more and is dependent on the substrate available for soil formation. However, the measured organic carbon content is not exclusively attributable to soil organic matter of natural origin and genesis, but to a wide variety of technogenic organic substances or technogenic materials (Makowsky and Meuser 2007;Edmondson et al 2012;Makki 2015b), especially in the urbanized districts of the BMA, which cannot perform the properties and functions of humus in the soil. There is still a lack of information in relation to how technogenic carbon can be reliably estimated during soil description.…”

Section: Soil Properties In the Urban Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anthropogenic and technogenic materials are extensively distributed across the BMA (Makki 2015b). They occur either as heterogeneous/homogenous parent material or as single components (Online Resource 1).…”

Section: Extension Of the List Of Anthropogenic And Technogenic Matermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 pH values in BMA (N = 1.794) grouped by urban structure type, soil samples were taken at depths between 0 and 100 cm, modified and extended acc. to Makki (2015b), compiled by K. Thestorf parent material for soil formation. The physical and chemical properties of technogenic materials can potentially harm the environment and will affect recent and future soil formation processes and properties.…”

Section: Extension Of the List Of Anthropogenic And Technogenic Matermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organic carbon contents (N = 441) of different soil types (natural and anthropogenic / technogenic) and urban structure types in the BMA, (0-100 cm), OC contents have been measured by loss-on-ignition method (420°C), modified and extended acc. toMakki (2015b) Fig. 2 Organic carbon contents in (a) top-(< 20 cm) and (b) subsoils (20-100 cm) of the Berlin metropolitan area in t ha −1 , Richter et al (2020) J Soils Sediments…”

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Guideline for the description of soils in the Berlin metropolitan area: an extension for surveying and mapping anthropogenic and natural soils in urban environments within the German soil classification system

et al. 2020

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Purpose In urban areas, humans shape the surface, (re-)deposit natural or technogenic material, and thus become the dominant soil formation factor. The 2015 edition of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) describes anthropogenic urban soils as Anthrosols or Technosols, but the methodological approaches and classification criteria of national soil classification systems are rather inconsistent. Stringent criteria for describing and mapping anthropogenic soils in urban areas and their application are still lacking, although more than half (53%) of the urban soils in Berlin are built-up by or contain anthropogenic material. Materials and methods On behalf of the Berlin Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection and in close cooperation with the German Working Group for Urban Soils, a comprehensive guideline for soil description in the Berlin metropolitan area (BMA), with special regard to anthropogenic/technogenic parent material and anthropogenic soils, has been developed. Our approach includes all previous standard works for soil description and mapping and is based on studies that have been conducted in the BMA over the last five decades. Special emphasis was placed on the integration of our manual into the classification system of the German soil mapping guideline (KA5). Results and discussion The extension of existing data fields (e.g., the further subdivision of land use types) as well as the creation of new data fields (e.g., pH value) adapted to the requirements of urban soil mapping has been carried out. Additional technogenic materials that occur in urban environments have been added to the list of anthropogenic parent materials. Furthermore, we designed appendices that clearly characterize typical soil profiles of the BMA and depict technogenic materials, their physical and chemical characteristics, as well as their origin and distribution. Our approach will set new benchmarks for soil description and mapping in urban environments, which will improve the quality of urban soil research in the BMA. It is expected that our approach will provide baselines for urban soil mapping in other metropolitan areas. Conclusions Our guideline is a comprehensive manual for the description of urban soils within a national soil classification system. This mapping guideline will be the future standard work for soil surveys and soil mapping in the federal state of Berlin. Currently, representatives from federal and state authorities are reviewing our guideline, with a view to potentially integrating key components into the classification system of the forthcoming 6th edition of the German soil mapping guideline (KA6).

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Section: Creation Of Additional Soil-related Data Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soil Properties In the Urban Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extension Of the List Of Anthropogenic And Technogenic Matermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extension Of the List Of Anthropogenic And Technogenic Matermentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Guideline for the description of soils in the Berlin metropolitan area: an extension for surveying and mapping anthropogenic and natural soils in urban environments within the German soil classification system

et al. 2020

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Pseudo-total antimony content in topsoils of the Berlin Metropolitan Area

Thestorf

Makki

2020

J Soils Sediments

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Purpose Sb is a metalloid that naturally occurs in traces in the Northern German Lowland Area, only. Its frequent and still growing demand for industrial purposes and its release during coal combustion and by vehicular emissions lead to an enrichment of Sb in topsoils. Numerous analyses on heavy metals have been conducted in the urban environment so far, but although Sb can be ecologically harmful and potentially carcinogenic, only few studies on Sb in soils were carried out. Materials and methods Due to the formation of anthropogenic soils by men, especially in the course of industrialization and after World War II, more than 50% of the Berlin soils consist of anthropogenic material like redeposited natural material, debris, waste, or ashes. This composition of soils of the Berlin Metropolitan Area can function as a model for other metropolitan regions of Central Europe. In the urban and peri-urban area of Berlin, analysis of more than 900 topsoil samples has been performed measuring the content of 12 heavy metals and metalloids (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn). As a reference for the natural environment, soil profiles of typical parent rock material have been investigated taking also the regional (0.3 mg/kg), the local background value (0.61 mg/kg), and the baseline value (0.07 mg/kg) for Sb into account. Results By doing so, we could show the spatial distributional pattern of Sb in the Berlin Metropolitan Area and statistically evaluate our results in dependency of land-use, parent material, and soil parameters such as organic carbon content and pH. Thereby, we could prove an average enrichment two to six times over the regional background value. Median Sb content is very low in forest topsoils (0.54 mg/kg) and reaches its maximum in roadside soils (1.75 mg/kg). Technogenic materials, vehicular emissions, industrial processes, and (former) land-use are the predominant factors for Sb enrichment and distribution in the study area. Some single samples show an enrichment of up to 600% of the regional background value for topsoils. Conclusion Our study revealed that the Sb content in the Berlin Metropolitan Area is elevated compared to natural environments. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that Sb is a previously neglected key pollutant, specific to metropolitan areas. Due to the high environmental relevance, further Sb data from selected investigated spaces in other metropolises and specific land-use types are needed to assess the potential environmental risk of Sb in metropolitan areas.Keywords Trace metals . Urban geochemistry . Pollution index . Technogenic soils . Antimony (Sb) . Urban structure type 1 Introduction Antimony-general properties and natural occurrence in Central EuropeAntimony (Sb) is a metalloid trace element of the 15 IUPAC group that is, depending on the environment, occurring in a tri-(Sb(III)) or pentavalent (Sb(V)) state (Filella et al. 2002(Filella et al. , 2009Wilson et al. 2010). Sb has two stable isotopes that are distributed with 57.21% ( 121 Sb) and 42.79% ( 123 S...

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Pedodiversität einer Metropole

Cited by 2 publications

References 1 publication

Guideline for the description of soils in the Berlin metropolitan area: an extension for surveying and mapping anthropogenic and natural soils in urban environments within the German soil classification system

Guideline for the description of soils in the Berlin metropolitan area: an extension for surveying and mapping anthropogenic and natural soils in urban environments within the German soil classification system

Pseudo-total antimony content in topsoils of the Berlin Metropolitan Area

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