Peer Gender and Schooling: Evidence from Ethiopia

Abstract

Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.

Recreational cannabis policy reform—What mental health nurses need to know about minimising harm and contributing to the reform debate

“…The systematic reviews by Bahji and Stephenson (2019), Wilson and Rhee (2022) and Athanassiou et al (2022) cited earlier, as well as two observational studies (Vignault et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2022), found that legalisation of recreational use was followed by a rise in a range of mental health-related issues. These include higher numbers In contrast, a 'difference-in-differences' study conducted in the US (from 1993 to 2019) found that although cannabis legalisation resulted in increased cannabis use, it did not find evidence for any effect on measures of mental health distress (Borbely et al, 2022).…”

“…Some countries have followed a more staged approach than others, where legalisation of recreational use was preceded by different levels and/or forms of decriminalization or waves of policy reform. For example, the US began its legalisation journey in 1996 when California first legalised medicinal use (Borbely et al, 2022). By 2021, 25 years later, the majority of states had legalised medicinal use and 17 states, and the District of Columbia had legalised recreational cannabis (Wilson & Rhee, 2022).…”

The highs and the lows: Recreational marijuana laws and mental health treatment

“…My findings speak specifically to treatment admissions and should not be conflated with improving or declining mental health as the evidence on the effects of RMLs on mental health remains mixed. For instance, Borbely et al (2022) find some evidence of poorer self-reported mental health among younger individuals residing in RML states but improvements among elderly individuals. Wang et al (2022) find no effect on emergency department (ED) visits for schizophrenia but an increase in psychosis ED visits.…”

“…Some studies find a weak relationship between state marijuana laws and mental health or suicide after accounting for confounding factors (Anderson et al, 2014;Leung, 2019). Conversely, recent studies find an ad-verse effect of RMLs on mental health, particularly for younger individuals (Borbely et al, 2022;Sturman, 2022). Wang et al (2022) finds that increasing the number of dispensaries in an RML state leads to increases in psychosis-related ED visits.…”

Medical Cannabis Availability and Mental Health: Evidence From New York’s Medical Cannabis Program

“…This study integrates two streams of emerging cannabis economics literature by using refined geographic measures to examine cannabis availability's effects on mental health. Three prior studies (Borbely et al 2022;Sabia, Swigert, and Young 2017;Nicholas and Maclean 2019), to our knowledge, have examined cannabis legalization's effects on mental health, though they rely on state variation in cannabis laws to identify cannabis availability's effects rather than substate variation in dispensary variation, as we do. Other recent studies have used sub-state geographic variation in dispensary availability to examine other health outcomes (Wang et al 2022;Smith 2020;Conyers and Ayres 2020;Ambrose, Cowan, and Rosenman 2021).…”