PEGylated Tween 80-functionalized chitosan-lipidic nano-vesicular hybrids for heightening nose-to-brain delivery and bioavailability of metoclopramide

Abstract

A PEGylated Tween 80–functionalized chitosan–lipidic (PEG-T-Chito-Lip) nano-vesicular hybrid was developed for intranasal administration as an alternative delivery route to help improve the poor oral bioavailability of BCS class-III model/antiemetic (metoclopramide hydrochloride; MTC). The influence of varying levels of chitosan, cholesterol, PEG 600, and Tween 80 on the stability/release parameters of the formulated nanovesicles was optimized using Draper-Lin Design. Two optimized formulations (Opti-Max and Opti-Min) with both maximized and minimized MTC-release goals, were predicted, characterized, and proved their vesicular outline via light/electron microscopy, along with the mutual prompt/extended in-vitro release patterns. The dual-optimized MTC–loaded PEG-T-Chito-Lip nanovesicles were loaded in intranasal in-situ gel (ISG) and further underwent in-vivo pharmacokinetics/nose-to-brain delivery valuation on Sprague-Dawley rats. The absorption profiles in plasma (plasma-AUC 0-∞ ) of the intranasal dual-optimized MTC–loaded nano-vesicular ISG formulation in pretreated rats were 2.95-fold and 1.64-fold more than rats pretreated with orally administered MTC and intranasally administered raw MTC-loaded ISG formulation, respectively. Interestingly, the brain-AUC 0-∞ of the intranasal dual-optimized MTC–loaded ISG was 10 and 3 times more than brain-AUC 0-∞ of the MTC-oral tablet and the intranasal raw MTC-loaded ISG, respectively. It was also revealed that the intranasal dual-optimized ISG significantly had the lowest liver-AUC 0-∞ (862.19 ng.g −1 .h −1 ) versus the MTC-oral tablet (5732.17 ng.g −1 .h −1 ) and the intranasal raw MTC-loaded ISG (1799.69 ng.g −1 .h −1 ). The brain/blood ratio profile for the intranasal dual-optimized ISG was significantly enhanced over all other MTC formulations (P < 0.05). Moreover, the 198.55% drug targeting efficiency, 75.26% nose-to-brain direct transport percentage, and 4.06 drug targeting index of the dual-optimized formulation were significantly higher than those of the raw MTC-loaded ISG formulation. The performance of the dual-optimized PEG-T-Chito-Lip nano-vesicular hybrids for intranasal administration evidenced MTC-improved bioavailability, circumvented hepatic metabolism, and enhanced brain targetability, with increased potentiality in heightening the convenience and compliance for patients.

Influence of Surface-Modification via PEGylation or Chitosanization of Lipidic Nanocarriers on In Vivo Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Apixaban

“…The resultant solution was then agitated using a magnetic stirrer for 24 h at 25 °C before being meticulously filtered. In order to develop the APX-Ch-NLC, 10 mL of the prepared chitosan solution was added to the previously constructed APX-NLC, in addition to enough acetic acid to achieve a final chitosan concentration of 0.25% w / v of the total NLC dispersion and a pH value between 3.5 and 4.5 [ 38 ]. The same technique was used to develop blank nanovesicles, merely without including APX in the formulations.…”

Chitosan Nanoparticles for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Treatment

“…It can also form a gel-like substance that acts as a barrier to prevent acid reflux. Additionally, CS can be used as a drug delivery system for medications that reduce stomach acid or improve the function of the lower esophageal sphincter [ 92 , 93 ].…”