Pelletised fuel production from coal tailings and spent mushroom compost — Part I

Current state of fine mineral tailings treatment: A critical review on theory and practice

“…5 and 7.7-8.8, respectively (de Kretser, et al, 1997;Allen, 2008). Concentrations of sodium ion between the two mineral tailings are generally similar (Ryu, et al, 2008;Alam, et al, 2011;Allen, 2008) although higher levels (in excess of 960 ppm) have been reported for coal tailings (Ofori, et al, 2011). Process water from oil sands tailings contains lower amounts of calcium, magnesium, chloride and sulfate ions, thus coal tailings are, in general, more saline than its counterpart from oil sands (Allen, 2008;Ofori, et al, 2011;Alam, et al, 2011).…”

“…These tailings are in the slurry form, with total solid contents ranging between 20-35% (w/w) (Ryu, et al, 2008;Beier & Sego, 2009;Murphy, et al, 2012). In 2002, the U.S. National Research Council estimated that 70-90 million tonnes of tailings were produced annually by these facilities in the United States alone (National Research Council, 2002).…”

Characterization and Production of Fuel Briquettes Made from Biomass and Plastic Wastes

“…In spite of the briquetting process is a technology mainly employed to compact biomass [7,8,10,[28][29][30], briquettes made of refuse derived fuel (RDF) [31], textiles [32] or mixtures of plastic wastes [33,34] have been also produced. The combination of biomass and high heating values wastes present two important benefits: on the one hand, the maximization of the use of the energy sources and, on the other, the potential solution for plastic wastes disposal [6,[35][36][37].…”

Pelletization of biomass waste with potato pulp content

“…This includes producing heating pellets from a mixture of off-quality grain (granary waste) combined with oak sawdust and waste left over from the process of apple juice production (Stolarski, 2006); from a mixture of wheat, oat, and maize harvest waste in combination with straw, sawdust, and used edible oil (Niedzió³ka et al, 2008); from hardwoods, softwoods and grasses (Stelte et al, 2011); from a mixture of tobacco waste with herbal waste (Obidziñski, 2012b); from compost obtained from mushroom production (Ryu et al, 2008); from a mixture of waste left over after trimming olive trees (Carone et al, 2010); from a mixture of waste wood and straw (Shaw et al, 2009); by pelletization of a mixture of chestnut and pine sawdust; or from a mixture of grape waste and coffee husks (Gil et al, 2010).…”

“…For the purposes of heating or as fodder, industry practice also includes densification of various types of mixtures of waste raw materials, eg from the agriculture and food industry, or of combinations of various types of waste materials of plant origin with other additives (also of plant origin). This includes producing heating pellets from a mixture of off-quality grain (granary waste) combined with oak sawdust and waste left over from the process of apple juice production (Stolarski, 2006); from a mixture of wheat, oat, and maize harvest waste in combination with straw, sawdust, and used edible oil (Niedzió³ka et al, 2008); from hardwoods, softwoods and grasses (Stelte et al, 2011); from a mixture of tobacco waste with herbal waste (Obidziñski, 2012b); from compost obtained from mushroom production (Ryu et al, 2008); from a mixture of waste left over after trimming olive trees (Carone et al, 2010); from a mixture of waste wood and straw (Shaw et al, 2009); by pelletization of a mixture of chestnut and pine sawdust; or from a mixture of grape waste and coffee husks (Gil et al, 2010).Some of the types of waste in the densified mixture can play the role of a natural binder and make the produced pellets more durable, and have a positive effect on the power demand of the pelletization process. This is confirmed by numerous research studies in which the following additives were introduced to the densified mixture: sodium hydroxide Int.…”