PEMFC application for aviation: Experimental and numerical study of sensitivity to altitude

Hordé, Théophile; Achard, Patrick; Metkemeijer, Rudolf

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.085

Cited by 63 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Marketing fuel cells as multifunctional focusing on its advantages will appeal to a wider market and subsequently fasten commercialization. [20,22,30]. One of the reasons could be that it would be easier to study and define operating conditions for aeronautic applications after broadening the understanding of environmental effects on PEMFC performance and lifetime.…”

Section: ] 2015mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contrarily the low stoichiometry of 1.6 yielded better cathode exhaust gas quality with only 10% oxygen content [7]. High altitude/low pressure effects on fuel cells were studied under simulated conditions or within a system of small manned aircraft [26,30,40]. Relationship between pressure and altitude is defined as approximately 200, 2 000, 3 000 and 12 000 m above sea level and are equivalent to 1 to 0.9, 0.75, 0.7 and 0.2 bar respectively [7,11].…”

Section: Pemfc Stack Testing Under Aeronautic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relationship between pressure and altitude is defined as approximately 200, 2 000, 3 000 and 12 000 m above sea level and are equivalent to 1 to 0.9, 0.75, 0.7 and 0.2 bar respectively [7,11]. Altitude tests showed notable performance loss at 0.7 bar/2200 m altitude [20,26,30]. Further testing showed that the loss can be minimized by increasing air stoichiometry to 2.5 for altitudes higher than 2 000 m [30].…”

Section: Pemfc Stack Testing Under Aeronautic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Altitude tests showed notable performance loss at 0.7 bar/2200 m altitude [20,26,30]. Further testing showed that the loss can be minimized by increasing air stoichiometry to 2.5 for altitudes higher than 2 000 m [30]. Taking into account the effect of higher air stoichiometry on fuel cell durability, Hordé et al recommended the use of fuel cells in pressurized conditions but bearing in mind the power required for compressors [30].…”

Section: Pemfc Stack Testing Under Aeronautic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, several studies are conducted to better understand the effect of stoichiometric ratio on fuel cell performance [30,44,45,62,64,65]. Both studies by Kim et al, and Candusso et al reported that anode and cathode stoichiometric ratio had no significant effect on fuel cell performance [62,66].…”

Section: Stoichiometric Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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PEMFC for aeronautic applications: A review on the durability aspects

et al. 2017

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) not only offer more efficient electrical energy conversion, relative to on-ground/backup turbines but generate by-products useful in aircraft such as heat for ice prevention, deoxygenated air for fire retardation and drinkable water for use on-board. Consequently, several projects (e.g. DLR-H2 Antares and RAPID2000) have successfully tested PEMFC-powered auxiliary unit (APU) for manned/unmanned aircraft. Despite the progress from flying PEMFC-powered small aircraft with 20 kW power output as high as 1 000 m at 100 km/h to 33 kW at 2 558 m, 176 km/h [1-3], durability and reliability remain key challenges. This review reports on the inadequate understanding of behaviour of PEMFC under aeronautic conditions and the lack of predictive methods conducive for aircraft that provide real-time information on the State of Health of PEMFCs. Highlights: The main research findings are -To minimize performance loss due to high altitude and inclination by adjusting cathode stoichiometric ratio. -To improve quality of oxygen-depleted air by controlling operating temperature and stoichiometric ratio. -Need to devise real time prediction methods conducive for determining PEMFC SoH in aircraft.

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Section: ] 2015mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pemfc Stack Testing Under Aeronautic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pemfc Stack Testing Under Aeronautic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pemfc Stack Testing Under Aeronautic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stoichiometric Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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PEMFC for aeronautic applications: A review on the durability aspects

et al. 2017

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A review on key factors influencing the electrical conductivity of proton exchange membrane fuel cell composite bipolar plates

Shojaei,

Rostami‐Tapeh‐Esmaeil,

Mighri

2024

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Fuel cells are gaining increasing importance as a promising alternative to traditional energy sources, primarily due to their exceptional efficiency and environmental advantages. The electrical performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) largely depends on the effectiveness of proton and electron transport within the cell components. A critical factor impacting this efficiency is the electrical conductivity of polymer‐based bipolar plates (BPPs), which play a fundamental role as current collectors. BPPs in PEMFCs can be made from various materials including coated metallic materials, graphitic materials, and polymer composites. This review exclusively concentrates on polymer composite BPPs. Enhancing the overall cell performance is achievable through the integration of electrically conductive additives into the polymer matrix of these plates. Graphite (GR), carbon black (CB), carbon fibers (CF), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and graphene (Gr) all emerge as highly promising functional materials capable of substantially elevating BPPs performance. This study, among its various objectives, delves into the synergistic effects of these electrically conductive additives and their capacity to enhance the electrical conductivity within polymeric matrices. Furthermore, this review article thoroughly explores the influence of the polymeric matrix, encompassing co‐continuous morphology and processing conditions. In essence, it focuses on the improvement of BPPs electrical conductivity through innovative designs of their polymer‐based composites and nanocomposites and the particular selection of the electrically conductive fillers. The insights derived from this study significantly contribute to a more profound understanding of how to effectively harness the potential of this vital PEMFC component.

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