“…Each machine learning model is validated using cross-validation, a technique that allows the training data to be divided into several different subsets or folds. Iterations are performed on each subset to serve as testing data, while the other subsets are used as training data [13,14]. In the prediction modeling of austenitic stainless steel mechanical properties, cross-validation with a K value of 10 is used, where the data is divided into 10 different subsets or folds, and iterations are performed 10 times, selecting each subset alternately as the testing data and the others as the training data.…”