Penal Policies in the Nordic Countries 1960–2010

Paying off a fine by working outside prison: On the origins and diffusion of community service

“…In other countries, such as Finland or Spain, CW was not introduced on a wider scale until much later, in the 1990s. Finland quickly achieved good annual numbers of community service orders and was able to avoid a high percentage of short-term prison sentences (Dünkel and Lappi-Seppälä, 2014;Lappi-Seppälä, 2001, 2012. 11 Spain, on the other hand, was able to fully implement CW as an added requirement for suspended short-term prison sentences or as a penalty in its own right only from 2008.…”

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“…Kalbant apie itin mažais kalinių ir probuojamųjų skaičiais pasižyminčias Skandinavijos šalis, pažymėtina, kad jos priskiriamos socialdemokratiniam-korporatyviniam 66 arba dar vadinamam socialinės gerovės modeliui -bausmės nėra vertinamos kaip veiksmingos reagavimo į nusikalstamas veikas priemonės ir taikomos išimtiniais atvejais -nusikalstamumo problemą visų pirma siekiama spręsti nebaudžiamosiomis socialinėmis, ekonominėmis priemonėmis. Kaip parodė Lappi-Seppala atliktas tyrimas, 67 šiose šalyse PP taikomos kaip realios alternatyvios laisvės atėmimui, t. y. jų taikymo praktikoje yra nukreiptos į laisvės atėmimo bausmės pakeitimą ir yra išvengiama kontrolės tinklo išplėtimo.…”

The Rise of the Crime Victim and Punitive Policies? Changes to the Legal Regulation of Intimate Partner Violence in Finland

“…The perceived differences between Anglophone states and Nordic countries in policies, attitudes toward offenders, and punitive consequences are thought to correlate with several social factors from the political and economic structure to the state's investment in social policy, levels of fear, social trust, and the importance of human rights. Nordic countries often serve as model examples of lenient penal and criminal justice policies (Barker, 2012;Cavadino & Dignan, 2006;Lappi-Seppälä, 2012a;Pratt & Eriksson, 2013). Furthermore, the neoclassical tradition practiced in Nordic countries has been defined as fair, rational, and humane (Anttila & Törnudd, 1992).…”

“…These discussions remain rather marginal in Finland, although some critics have taken aim at recent developments. Lappi-Seppälä (e.g., 2007, 2012a, 2012b) states that hardening tendencies have also gained traction in Finland. One of the phenomena he connects to this development lies in changes concerning the regulation of violence toward women, primarily domestic violence and sexual offenses.…”

“…One of the phenomena he connects to this development lies in changes concerning the regulation of violence toward women, primarily domestic violence and sexual offenses. For example, reforms in the right to prosecute concerning assaults in the private sphere—analyzed in the empirical section of this article—and the revision of the essential elements of rape in the Criminal Act 2 in 2011, which also qualified sexual intercourse with a defenseless victim (e.g., unconscious) as rape, have been identified as indications of punitive impact (Lappi-Seppälä, 2012a). However, these considerations have not touched upon, for example, justifications regarding why violence should be regulated differently in the public and private spheres and alternatives to the criminal justice system, or why the sexual autonomy of the defenseless should be weaker than individuals capable of defending themselves.…”