Pencil and paper tests‐sensitivity to psychotropic drugs.

Stone, Barbara M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02578.x

Cited by 95 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The central co-ordination of extraocular muscles was evaluated using Maddox wing test, which measures horizontal heterophoria in diopters [24]. The central processing of sensory information was assessed with the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) [25]. The pupil size was measured with Cogan's pupillometry [26].…”

Section: Pharmacodynamic Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenously and orally administered oxycodone

Saari

Grönlund

Hagelberg

et al. 2010

Eur J Clin Pharmacol

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Section: Pharmacodynamic Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenously and orally administered oxycodone

Saari

Grönlund

Hagelberg

et al. 2010

Eur J Clin Pharmacol

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“…Attributes assessed included alert/drowsy, good/poor performance, no/strong drug effect, unpleasant/pleasant feeling and no/extreme nausea or vomiting [33]. Maddox wing test was used to estimate the central coordination of extraocular muscles [34]; digit symbol substitution test (DSST) to estimate the central processing of sensory information [35] and Cogan's pupillometry to measure pupil diameter [36]. All reported and observed adverse effects were recorded.…”

Section: Behavioral Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxycodone concentrations are greatly increased by the concomitant use of ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir

Nieminen

Hagelberg

Saari

et al. 2010

Eur J Clin Pharmacol

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To cite this version:Methods: A randomized crossover study design with 3 phases at intervals of 4 weeks was conducted in 12 healthy volunteers. Ritonavir 300 mg, lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg or placebo b.i.d. for 4 days was given to the subjects. On day 3, 10 mg oxycodone hydrochloride was administered orally. Plasma concentrations of oxycodone, noroxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxymorphone were determined for 48 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with standard noncompartmental methods. Behavioural effects and experimental cold pain analgesia were assessed for 12 h. ANOVA for repeated measures was used for statistical analysis.Results: Ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of oral oxycodone by 3.0-(range 1.9-to 4.3-fold; P<0.001) and 2.6-fold (range 1.9-to 3.3-fold; P<0.001). The mean (± SD) elimination half-life prolonged after ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir from 3.6 ± 0.6 to 5.6 ± 0.9 h (P<0.001) and 5.7 ± 0.9 h (P<0.001), respectively. Both ritonavir (P<0.001) and lopinavir/ritonavir (P<0.05) increased the self-reported drug effect of oxycodone. Conclusions:Ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir greatly increase the plasma concentrations of oral oxycodone in healthy volunteers and enhance its effect. When oxycodone is used clinically in patients during ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir treatment, reductions in oxycodone dose may be needed to avoid opioid-related adverse-effects.

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“…The result was expressed as heterophoria in diopters. The number of digits correctly substituted by simple symbols in 3 min was recorded in the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) [12]. Seventeen 100 mm long horizontal visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to record subjective effects.…”

Section: Pharmacodynamic Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose of midazolam should be reduced during diltiazem and verapamil treatments.

Backman

Olkkola

Aranko

et al. 1994

Brit J Clinical Pharma

167

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1. The effects of diltiazem and verapamil on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam were investigated in a double‐blind randomized cross‐over study of three phases. 2. Nine healthy volunteers were given orally diltiazem (60 mg), verapamil (80 mg) or placebo three times daily for 2 days. On the second day they received a 15 mg oral dose of midazolam, after which plasma samples were collected and performance tests carried out for 17 h. 3. The area under the midazolam concentration‐time curve was increased from 12 +/‐ 1 microgram ml‐1 min to 45 +/‐ 5 micrograms ml‐1 min by diltiazem (P < 0.001) and to 35 +/‐ 5 micrograms ml‐1 min by verapamil (P < 0.001). The peak midazolam concentration was doubled (P < 0.01) and the elimination half‐life of midazolam prolonged (P < 0.05) by both diltiazem and verapamil treatments. 4. These changes in the pharmacokinetics of midazolam were also associated with profound and prolonged sedative effects. 5. If the administration of midazolam cannot be avoided, the dose of midazolam should be reduced during concomitant treatment with diltiazem and verapamil.

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Pencil and paper tests‐sensitivity to psychotropic drugs.

Cited by 95 publications

References 5 publications

Effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenously and orally administered oxycodone

Effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenously and orally administered oxycodone

Oxycodone concentrations are greatly increased by the concomitant use of ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir

Dose of midazolam should be reduced during diltiazem and verapamil treatments.

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