Penecontemporaneous non-tectonic brecciation of unconsolidated silts and muds

Brodzikowski, Krzysztof; Loon, A.J. van

doi:10.1016/0037-0738(84)90066-6

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…As a result of partial cementation and consequent lower permeability, pore pressure in carbonate sands cannot dissipate quickly by seepage of pore water (Cowan & James, 1992; Budd, 2002). As pore pressure increases by impulsive or cyclic loading, it can reach the point where partial to complete liquefaction occurs (Doe & Dott, 1980; Tsui & Helfrich, 1983; Brodzikowski & van Loon, 1985; Clukey et al. , 1985; Cowan & James, 1992; Molina et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Limestone pseudoconglomerates in the Late Cambrian Gushan and Chaomidian Formations (Shandong Province, China): soft‐sediment deformation induced by storm‐wave loading

Chen¹,

Chough²,

Chun

et al. 2009

Sedimentology

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This paper focuses on the formative processes of limestone pseudoconglomerates in the Gushan and Chaomidian Formations (Late Cambrian) of the North China Platform, Shandong Province, China. The Gushan and Chaomidian Formations consist mainly of limestone and shale (marlstone) interlayers, wackestone to packstone, grainstone and microbialite as well as numerous limestone conglomerates. Seventy-three beds of limestone pseudoconglomerate in the Gushan and Chaomidian Formations were analysed based on clast and matrix compositions, internal fabric, sedimentary structures and bed geometry. These pseudoconglomerates are characterized by oligomictic to polymictic limestone clasts of various shapes (i.e. flat to undulatory disc, blade and sheet), marlstone and/or grainstone matrix and various internal fabrics (i.e. intact, thrusted, edgewise and disorganized), as well as transitional boundaries. Limestone pseudoconglomerates formed as a result of soft-sediment deformation of carbonate and argillaceous interlayers at a shallow burial depth. Differential early cementation of carbonate and argillaceous sediments provided the requisite conditions for the formation of pseudoconglomerates. Initial deformation (i.e. burial fragmentation, liquefaction and injection) and subsequent mobilization and disruption of fragmented clasts are two important processes for the formation of pseudoconglomerates. Burial fragmentation resulted from mechanical rupture of cohesive carbonate mud, whereas subsequent mobilization of fragmented clasts was due to the injection of fluid materials (liquefied carbonate sand and water-saturated argillaceous mud) under increased stress. Storm-wave loading was the most probable deformation mechanism, as an external triggering force. Subsequent re-orientation and rounding of clasts were probably prolonged under normal compactional stress. Eventually, disrupted clasts, along with matrix materials, were transformed into pseudoconglomerates by progressive lithification. Soft-sediment deformation is prevalent in alternate layers of limestone and mud(marl)stone and/or grainstone, regardless of their depositional environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conglomeration processes following sub‐surface fragmentation of lime‐mud layers may have resulted from either scour and exhumation by waves or currents (Brodzikowski & van Loon, 1985; Cowan & James, 1992; de Wet et al. , 1997; Pratt, 2002), gravity sliding or slumping (de Wet et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limestone pseudoconglomerates in the Late Cambrian Gushan and Chaomidian Formations (Shandong Province, China): soft‐sediment deformation induced by storm‐wave loading

Chen¹,

Chough²,

Chun

et al. 2009

Sedimentology

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“…The layered components differ from each other in grain-size composition and mud content and also differ from the sandy matrix. Thus, they become stratified with the sandy matrix because of the differences in viscosity and/or density (e.g., Brodzikowski and van Loon 1985). In one case, a laminated mud lens shows flame structure at its upper surface.…”

Section: Intrastratal Flow and Flow Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sediment Flow and Deformation (SFD) Layers: Evidence for Intrastratal Flow in Laminated Muddy Sediments of the Triassic Osawa Formation, Northeast Japan

Kawakami¹,

Kawamura²

2002

Journal of Sedimentary Research

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Thin chaotic layers containing abundant intraformational mud clasts are found in the offshore laminated mudstone of the Triassic Osawa Formation in northeast Japan. The geometry and internal structures of the layers are somewhat similar to those of slump/slide or debris-flow deposits, however, the layers have both upper and lower erosional contacts. Projections of host sediments and mud clasts with planed surfaces are identified beneath the upper contact of the layers. Closely packed sheet-form or ellipsoidal mud clasts are embedded in a poorly sorted fine-to coarse-grained sandy matrix. Some mud clasts are tightly folded, or show imbricated stacking. Internal layering structures are also well developed in the layers.The above features strongly suggest soft-sediment deformation as horizontal displacement of sand and mud under buried conditions. Here, we term these layers ''sediment flow and deformation (SFD) layers.'' Deformation layers with similar attributes have been identified by some prior authors, as in the case of flow of liquefied and/or fluidized host sand and clastic sill intrusion. However, the SFD layers described herein have more complex structure indicating advanced deformation.Occurrence of the SFD layers is stratigraphically limited to the uppermost part of the Osawa Formation, which is overlain by sand-rich submarine-fan deposits (the Fukkoshi Formation). It suggests that the stress field caused by differential loading of overlying deposits facilitated intrastratal flow and sill intrusions of sand. The vertical confinement was also controlled by the anisotropy in physical properties, such as tensile strength of laminated mud and/or conditions of gentle slope.

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“…In analysing several sections of glacial sediments in which brecciation is visible, Brodzikowski & Van Loon (1985) note that the brecciated zone is often peculiar to a specific horizon within the sediment and stratigraphically is often related to an erosional, depositional or bed contact surface. During the phase of brecciation these zones often appear near horizontal, or parallel to the plane of stress application and are areally extensive in that plane.…”

Section: Brecciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In either case the brecciation indicates some form of in situ destruction by exogenic (non-tectonic) forces. These forces (pressures) may be the effect on sediment of cryostatic, gravitational, hydraulic, desiccatory or other similar processes acting under specific lithological and/or rheological conditions during or after deposition (Chamberlain & Gow, 1978;Van Vliet & Langohr, 1981 ;Cowan, 1982;Brodzikowski & Van Loon, 1985;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brecciated diamictons from Mohawk Bay, S. Ontario, Canada

Menzies

1990

Sedimentology

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Examination of sediments along the north shore of Lake Erie at Mohawk Bay reveals a relationship between the formation of intensely brecciated diamictons and the presence of sand‐block intraclasts. It is postulated that the sand blocks were subglacially deposited within a meltwater environment, and later frozen prior to being eroded and transported within a mobile subglacial debris layer. On immobilization the frozen sand blocks, encased within the diamicton, acted as a heat sink creating cryostatic stresses within the surrounding diamicton as a result of the advance of a frost front and related frozen ‘fringe’. The effect of these anisotropic stresses resulted in porewater migration to the frost front. Subsequent development of intense brecciation occurred as aureoles around the sand intraclasts due to localized high tensile stresses causing fracturing within the fine‐grained matrix of the diamicton.

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Penecontemporaneous non-tectonic brecciation of unconsolidated silts and muds

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

Limestone pseudoconglomerates in the Late Cambrian Gushan and Chaomidian Formations (Shandong Province, China): soft‐sediment deformation induced by storm‐wave loading

Limestone pseudoconglomerates in the Late Cambrian Gushan and Chaomidian Formations (Shandong Province, China): soft‐sediment deformation induced by storm‐wave loading

Sediment Flow and Deformation (SFD) Layers: Evidence for Intrastratal Flow in Laminated Muddy Sediments of the Triassic Osawa Formation, Northeast Japan

Brecciated diamictons from Mohawk Bay, S. Ontario, Canada

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