Penetration Enhancement Techniques

Abstract

Penetration Enhancers have vast potential and if utilized thoroughly, can be beneficial route in the drug delivery. Penetration Enhancers facilitates the drug delivery in various ways. They are therefore also referred as sorption enhancers or accelerants. This review focusses on the various enhancement techniques which are widely used to increase the bioavailability of the drugs. This review explores the various penetration enhancers with their mechanism of action and their roles in enhancement techniques. One of the reasons why the Transdermal drug delivery has not been successful compared to other delivery system, is the impervious nature of the versatile skin. It has been reported that individual penetration enhancer are not able to bring that effect which is achieved by the combination of penetration enhancer or mixture of penetration enhancer. Different penetration enhancers act at different site of action and have different mechanism of action ranging from altering metabolic activity within the skin, or exerting an influence on the thermodynamic activity of the drug in its vehicle. The major limitation in transdermal drug delivery is the diffusion of drug molecules to cross, one of the most versatile barriers of skin. A number of skin penetrations enhancers have been investigated and explored for skin penetration enhancement. Further, developments and initiatives are required to evaluate the mechanism of enhancement techniques. A thorough understanding of this penetration enhancer has been discussed and future implications explored.

Investigating the Potential of Transdermal Delivery of Avanafil Using Vitamin E-TPGS Based Mixed Micelles Loaded Films

“…The direct relationship between the percentage of penetration enhancer with both initial and cumulative AVA permeation is attributed to the penetration enhancer’s mechanism of action [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. The mechanism of action is either by reversible disruption of the lipid bilayer in the stratum corneum or by modifying the solvent nature of the stratum corneum [ 37 ]. Another reported mechanism of the penetration enhancer is through interaction with the keratin structure in the corneocytes, which improves the drug diffusion coefficient [ 40 ].…”

Permeation Studies of Miconazole Nitrate (Mn) Gel Containing Dimethyl Sulfoxide as an Enhancer Using Franz-Type Diffusion Cell

“…2 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is one of a sulfoxide class enhancer that can increase skin permeation by changing the stratum corneum's protein structure effectively. 3 The effect of the DMSO enhancer depends on the concentration and also the co-solvent used. However, using too high a concentration of DMSO can cause erythema and spot on the stratum corneum.…”

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“…In the current study eight different class and different mechanism of permeation enhancers were evaluated by selecting ester (isopropyl myristate), sulfoxides (dimethyl sulfoxide), vegetable oil (groundnut oil), alcohol (ethanol), cyclic oligosaccharide (β-cyclodextrin), fatty acid (oleic acid), non-ionic surfactant (tween 80) and enzyme (hyaluronidase) at 5% w/v. The permeation enhancing activity was achieved by other techniques also, it includes iontophoresis, sonophoresis, electroporation, magnetoporesis, phonophoresis, thermal ablation, radiofrequency, microneedles, jet propulsion and prodrugs 5,6 . Among the above techniques permeation enhancers offer many advantages and strong effects 7 .…”