Penetration Loss Measurement and Modeling for HAP Mobile Systems in Urban Environment

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a measurement campaign focused on the evaluation of penetration loss into buildings in an urban area as a function of the elevation angle. An empirical model to predict penetration loss into buildings is developed based on measured data obtained using a remote-controlled airship. The impact on penetration loss of different buildings and user positions within the buildings is presented. The measured data are evaluated as a function of the elevation angle. The measurement campaign was carried out at 2.0 GHz and 3.5 GHz carrier frequencies, representing the frequency band for high altitude platform third-generation mobile systems and, potentially, next generation mobile systems, mobile WiMAX, for example, the new penetration loss model can be used for system performance simulations and coverage planning.

Building Penetration Loss for Satellite Services at L-, S- and C-band: Measurement and Modeling

“…Different definitions of penetration loss, type and structure of a particular building and a strong dependence on elevation angle must be acknowledged when a comparison with results from [8]- [11], [13], [14] and [17] is to be made.…”

“…As the link budget must be carefully planned, relevant models for penetration loss are of great interest. In addition to direct measurements with a geostationary satellite [6], [7], helicopters [8]- [11], aircraft [12], airships [13], [14], crank-up towers, or cranes [12], [15], [16] can also be utilized as pseudo-satellites. Moreover, reference levels need to be obtained in different ways so that propagation conditions can be defined clearly.…”

“…In [13], an empirical model for penetration loss at 2.0 GHz and 3.5 GHz is introduced as a function of the elevation angle ranging from 10 to 90 . The model was developed for mobile services in urban areas regardless of the LOS/NLOS propagation conditions.…”

Building penetration loss modelling for satellite services at L-, S- and C-band

“…An up to 10 dB lower penetration loss can be found in [4] for a concrete building with common-size windows than is outlined by the minimum fit based (1). Further, slightly lower loss is predicted by the overall model in [5] where the LOS case can be considered only for high elevation angles. The model at 2.5 GHz in [6] predicts a linear rise of penetration loss from 20.7 dB to 28.5 dB for elevation angles from 25° to 90°.…”

“…Thus, the following formulas were derived for the frequency of 2.0 GHz and a one-meter distance from a window: L PLmin, NLOS (α) = 29.4 -2.4·10 -4 (90 -α) 2.5 (4) L PLmean, NLOS (α) = 38.9 -2.4·10 -4 (90 -α) 2.5 (5) L PLmax, NLOS (α) = 48.4 -2.4·10 -4 (90 -α) 2.5 (6) where α is the elevation angle in degrees and L PL is in dB.…”