Penetration of nanoparticles in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) calli and regenerants

Determining the Size Exclusion for Nanoparticles in Citrus Leaves

“…In the case of foliar application of NPs for agricultural purposes, size is critical not only for the dispersion through the leaf cuticle and stomata (Eichert et al, 2008), but also for their movement through the cell wall matrix. A substantial number of reports have documented the penetration of NPs into plants mostly through very young roots (Hischem€ oller et al, 2009;Kurepa et al, 2010;Zhu et al, 2008), tissue cultured cells (Kokina et al, 2013;Santos et al, 2010), stem parenchyma cells (Corredor et al, 2009), and protoplasts (Etxeberria et al, 2006). However, leaves, the most targeted tissue for agricultural practices (Zhang and Brown, 1999), have not been investigated.…”

“…Application of nanotechnology in agriculture has remained mostly a theoretical exercise (Nair et al, 2010;Prasad et al, 2014;Thul et al, 2013) primarily due to the difficulties encountered in delivering NPs to plant tissues and cells. As a prospective tool, NPs can serve as delivery vehicles for a variety of agrochemicals including nutrients (DeRosa et al, 2010), antifungals (Jo et al, 2009;Kokina et al, 2013;Lamsal et al, 2011;Pan a cek et al, 2009), antibacterials (Lara et al, 2011), and genes (Christou et al, 1988;Torney et al, 2007); improve general growth profile (Arora et al, 2012); and even modify the light reflective index of leaves to disorient insect predators (C. Brodersen, personal communication). However, the potential use of NPs as efficient delivery systems depends not only on their ability to adhere and cross the plant external protective layers (cuticle, bark, endodermis in roots), but also on their physical ability to move through the cell wall matrix and reach their target cells.…”

“…The great majority of NP studies in plants have been performed with hydroponic root systems (Hischem€ oller et al, 2009;Kurepa et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2012;Zhu et al, 2008), cell cultures (Kokina et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2009), seedcoats (Khodakovskaya et al, 2009), protoplasts Serag et al, 2011), biolistic method (Martin-Ortigosa et al, 2012, or stem injections (Corredor et al, 2009;Gonz alez-Melendi et al, 2008); application methods that were effective but differed from field conditions. Considering that the combined surface area of aboveground plant parts far exceeds the underground area (except in xerophytes and tundra vegetation) (Dietz and Herth, 2011) and that these are vastly more accessible, foliar application of NPs on plant shoot surfaces is highly favored (Fernandez and Eichert, 2009).…”

Nanomaterials in plant tissue culture: the disclosed and undisclosed

“…40 The number and size of calli increased when barley mature embryos were grown in MS medium augmented with 20 mg L À1 2,4-D and 60 mg mL À1 TiO 2 NPs. Kokina et al 72 prepared a BAP (cytokinin) powder coated with Au and Ag NPs and added it to the tissue culture medium. Stem segments of Linum usitatissimum were cultured on MS medium augmented with 1 mg L À1 2,4-D plus 1 mg L À1 BAP or 1 mg L À1 Au BAP or Ag BAP.…”

Eco-friendly biosynthesis, anticancer drug loading and cytotoxic effect of capped Ag-nanoparticles against breast cancer

“…Various research groups have explored the role of seed extracts from different plants such as Linum usitatissimum L., Artocarpus heterophyllus lam., Cola nitida, pomegranate, Elettaria cardamomum, Melia azedarach and Medicago sativa (Azeez et al 2017;Lukman et al 2011;Kokina et al 2013;Khan et al 2011;Jagtap and Bapat 2013) for the biosynthesis of environment-friendly AgNPs. Recently, a green eco-friendly route was employed for the synthesis of stable NPs using the extracts derived from Setaria verticillata seeds.…”