Penile Length and Anogenital Distance in Male Newborns From Different Iranian Ethnicities in Golestan Province

Alaee, Ehsan; Gharib, Mohammad Hadi; Fouladinejad, Mahnaz

doi:10.5812/ircmj.16729

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Thus, there is a growing body of literature on AGD and its correlates in humans, reflecting the importance of this measure. Normative data for AGD during infancy have been published for some populations, but these may not be applicable to our population in Ghana since ethnic/racial differences have been reported [7, 10, 21]. To the best of our knowledge, no such studies have been carried out in Ghana.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The lack of significant association of AGD with gestational age in our study was not unexpected as all the babies were full term. Race/ethnicity may also play a role in AGD differences across studies, and indeed Alaee et al [21], Phillip et al [7], and Papadopoulou et al [10] all reported racial/tribal differences in AGD. We found AGD1, AGD2, and AC to be significantly different by maternal tribe, but the limited number of babies from certain tribes (Ga-Adangbe and Ewe) forestalled further meaningful analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anogenital Distance in Term Newborns in Kumasi, Ghana

et al. 2017

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Background: Anogenital distance (AGD) is a simple noninvasive measure of foetal androgen exposure. This study was done to generate normative data on AGD in Ghanaian newborns. Methods: AGD was measured in 644 male and 612 female term newborns; including the distance between the anterior base of the penis and the centre of the anus, the posterior base of the penis and the centre of the anus, and the posterior base of the scrotum and the centre of the anus (ASD) in males and the distance from the anus to the fourchette (AF) and from the anus to the base of the clitoris in females. Other anthropometric and parental socio-demographic indices were also documented. Results: AGD was sexually dimorphic; with a mean ± SD ASD and AF of 25.5 ± 5.1 and 13.6 ± 2.7 mm, respectively. There was a significant correlation between AGD and birth weight, birth length, and occipitofrontal circumference (p < 0.05). ASD was significantly longer (p < 0.001) in newborns (83/644; 12.9%) of mothers who had ingested herbs during pregnancy. Conclusion: AGD was approximately twice as long in males compared to females and can serve as a useful indicator of androgen exposure. Measurements of AGD also need to factor in anthropometric parameters, which are important correlates of AGD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anogenital Distance in Term Newborns in Kumasi, Ghana

et al. 2017

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“…Most studies of AGD in boys measured AS, but in six studies, AP measurements were also included (Romano-Riquer et al, 2007; Sathyanarayana et al, 2010; Ozkan et al, 2011; Papadopoulou et al, 2013a; Alaee et al, 2014; Park et al, 2015). The mean (± SD) of 26.8 ± 3.1 mm in VHEMBE boys at birth was somewhat longer than that reported from Cambridge, England 19.6 ± 6.1 mm (Thankamony et al, 2009); Morelos, Mexico 21.0 ± 3.0 (Salazar-Martinez et al, 2004); Tapachula, Mexico median = 19.1 mm [Romano-Riquer et al (2007)]; Seattle, USA 23.0 ± 3.8 mm (Sathyanarayana et al (2010)]; Turkey 23.0 ± 0.6 mm (Ozkan et al, 2011); Spain 24.7 ± 5.1 mm (Papadopoulou et al, 2013a); Iran 24.5 ± 2.5 mm (Alaee et al, 2014); and Korea 23.0 ± 0.2 mm in normal birth weight new borns (Park et al, 2015), but shorter than reported from Nigeria 31.11 ± 0.64 mm (Avidime et al, 2011), and similar to that reported from Crete 27.1 ± 4.4 mm (Papadopoulou et al, 2013a) (see Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Error bars represent the standard deviation. Data obtained from Salazar-Martinez et al, 2004; (Mexico), Sathyanarayana et al, 2010; (Seattle), Ozkan et al, 2011; (Turkey), Papadopoulou et al, 2013a; (Spain and Crete), Thankamony et al, 2009; (England), Avidime et al, 2011; (Nigeria), Alaee et al, 2014; (Iran), and Park et al, 2015; (Korea).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane exposure and anogenital distance in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE) birth cohort study, South Africa

et al. 2016

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SUMMARY Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is used for malaria control by 10 countries, nine of which are in Africa. Technical DDT contains various isomers with 65–80% insecticidal p,p’-DDT and 15–21% o,p’-DDT, an estrogenic chemical, while the persistent metabolite of p,p’-DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE), is an antiandrogen. In utero antiandrogenic exposure reduces anogenital distance in animal models and the anal position index in a single study. This study examined the associations between mother’s serum DDT and DDE levels at delivery and anogenital distance in their children at birth and age 1 year. Data were collected as part of the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE), a birth cohort study located in rural South Africa. DDT and DDE concentrations were measured in blood samples collected from 752 mothers at delivery. Anogenital distance measurements, taken at birth (n = 671) and age 1 year (n = 674), included anofourchette and anoclitoral distances in girls, and anoscrotal and anopenile lengths in boys. We also measured anococcygeal and coccyx-fourchette distances in girls, while in boys, we measured anococcygeal and coccyx-scrotal distances as well as penile length and penile width. The anal position index is calculated for both sexes as anoscrotal/coccyx-scrotal in boys and anofourchette/coccyx-fourchette in girls. We found no associations between p,p’-DDT/-DDE or o,p’-DDT and anogenital distance measurements at birth in either boys or girls. At 1 year, o,pʹ-DDE was negatively associated with anofourchette in girls (μ = −1.32 mm, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −2.27, −0.38) and positively associated with penile width in boys (μ = 0.30 mm, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.60). The results do not suggest an overt antiandrogenic or estrogenic effect on anogenital distance after long-term DDT exposure. These weak associations may be due to chance.

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“…Early recognition of penis size abnormalities is important as it might be the first sign of congenital or endocrine disorders like growth hormone deficiency or hypopituitarism or other disorders of sexual differentiation 1 . Penis length (PL) is reported to vary between different races and ethnici ties [2][3][4][5] . This makes it necessary to establish standard values for penile sizes in healthy neonates in each country.…”

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confidence: 99%