Penile size in the newborn infant

Flatau, E; Josefsberg, Z; Reisner, Salomon H.; Bialik, O.; Laron, Zvi

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(75)80877-8

Cited by 112 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…is regarded as the lower limit of normal variation for most quantitative traits (27)(28)(29) and was thus the definition of micropenis used in this work. According to the standards for mean penile size (27,(30)(31)(32), a stretched penile length of !25 mm was thus considered as micropenis.…”

Section: Clinical Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Idiopathic’ partial androgen insensitivity syndrome in 28 newborn and infant males: impact of prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals?

Gaspari

Paris

Philibert

et al. 2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: 46,XY disorders of sex differentiation (46,XY DSD) can be due to a testis determination defect, an androgen biosynthesis defect, or androgen resistance (complete or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), or 5a reductase deficiency). We aimed to evaluate the impact of a prenatal contamination by environmental xenoestrogens in 'idiopathic' PAIS-like phenotype. Subjects: We investigated 28 newborn/infant males with 46,XY DSD, normal androgen production, and no androgen receptor or steroid-5aR type II enzyme (SRD5A2) gene mutations. Methods: To exclude other genetic defects, we sequenced the steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) and mastermind-like domain-containing 1 (MAMLD1) genes, which were recently found to be associated with the PAIS-like phenotype. Parents were interviewed about their environmental/occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) before/during the patients' fetal life. Total estrogenic bioactivity of patient serum was analyzed by ultrasensitive bioassay. Results: All the patients had normal SF1 sequence and one patient showed a double polymorphism of MAMLD1. Eleven (39.3%) of the 28 patients had reported parental fetal exposure to EDCs. The mean estrogenic bioactivity in these 11 patients with fetal EDC exposure (6.65G8.07 pg/ml) versus 17 cases without contamination (1.27G0.34 pg/ml) and controls (1.06G0.44 pg/ml; P!0.05) was elevated. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the 'idiopathic' PAIS-like phenotype may in some cases be related to EDC contamination during fetal life.

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Section: Clinical Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Idiopathic’ partial androgen insensitivity syndrome in 28 newborn and infant males: impact of prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals?

Gaspari

Paris

Philibert

et al. 2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Fourteen participants, 9 currently living as men (13-21) and 5 currently living as women (35)(36)(37)(38)(39), were considered to have a poorly defined cause underlying their genital ambiguity. Four participants (13, 19, 20, and 38) were believed to be affected by a timing defect of their hypothalamic, pituitary, and/or gonadal function.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One participant was a 46,XY true hermaphrodite (14). Finally, the cause of abnormal sex differentiation could not be determined in the remaining 4 participants (18,(35)(36)(37).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ambiguous Genitalia With Perineoscrotal Hypospadias in 46,XY Individuals: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT. Objectives. To identify and study adults (21 years or older) who have a 46,XY karyotype and presented as infants or children with genital ambiguity, including a small phallus and perineoscrotal hypospadias, reared male or female.Methods. Participants were classified according to the cause underlying their intersex condition based on review of medical and surgical records. Long-term medical and surgical outcome was assessed with a written questionnaire and physical examination. Long-term psychosexual development was assessed with a written questionnaire and semistructured interview.Results. Thirty-nine (72%) of 54 eligible patients participated. The cause underlying genital ambiguity of participants included partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (n ‫؍‬ 14; 5 men and 9 women), partial gonadal dysgenesis (n ‫؍‬ 11; 7 men and 4 women), and other intersex conditions. Men had significantly more genital surgeries (mean: 5.8) than women (mean: 2.1), and physician-rated cosmetic appearance of the genitalia was significantly worse for men than for women. The majority of participants were satisfied with their body image, and men and women did not differ on this measure. Most men (90%) and women (83%) had sexual experience with a partner. Men and women did not differ in their satisfaction with their sexual function. The majority of participants were exclusively heterosexual, and men considered themselves to be masculine and women considered themselves to be feminine. Finally, 23% of participants (5 men and 4 women) were dissatisfied with their sex of rearing determined by their parents and physicians.Conclusions. Either male or female sex of rearing can lead to successful long-term outcome for the majority of cases of severe genital ambiguity in 46,XY individuals.We discuss factors that should be considered by parents and physicians when deciding on a sex of rearing for such infants. Pediatrics 2002;110(3). URL: http://www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/110/3/e31; intersex, sex assignment, gender, androgen insensitivity, gonadal dysgenesis, psychosexual, genital reconstruction, hormone replacement.ABBREVIATIONS. PAIS, partial androgen insensitivity syndrome; PGD, partial gonadal dysgenesis. D uring fetal sex differentiation, genetic males who are unable to masculinize their sex ducts and external genitalia can be classified into 2 major etiologic groups: 1) the inability of the fetus to produce sufficient amounts of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone or 2) the inability of the fetus to respond to androgens that are present in normal amounts. 1 We previously described a population of 46,XY subjects who presented to the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic of Johns Hopkins Hospital with varying degrees of undermasculinized genitalia. 2 In this population, the most difficult group to treat in terms of gender assignment is that of individuals who were born with ambiguous genitalia that includes a small phallus and perineoscrotal hypospadias. 3 For this group of patients, there is a lack of agreement about optimal sex ...

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“…[10,[15][16][17][18][19][20] In gold-standard study by Schonfeld and Beebe, [10] mean SPL was 3.75±0.3 cm, while Feldman and Smith [21] and Flatau et al reported mean SPL measurements of 3.5±0.7 cm and 3.5±0.4 cm, respectively. [22] In studies performed in various Asian countries, including Singapore and Saudi Arabia, comparable mean SPLs were obtained. [14][15][16][17] However, markedly lower mean SPL has been reported in studies performed on babies born in Indonesia, China, and Japan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Investigation of the Correlation Between Pelvic Anthropometric Measurements and Penile Length of 250 Turkish Boys Aged 0-5 Years

Akdere¹

2017

South Clin Ist Euras

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Objective: In the present study, stretched penile length (SPL) of children aged 0-60 months was measured and relationship to anthropometric parameters of age, height, weight, interspinous distance, and pubic bone height (PBH) was evaluated. Data obtained were compared with results of similar studies. Methods:Total of 250 boys (age range: 0-60 months) participated in the study. All measurements of SPL, weight, height, interspinous distance, and PBH were conducted by single urologist. These assessments were performed under optimal conditions. Results: Overall mean height of the children was 55.82±3.22 cm, mean weight was 4729.08±54.23 g, mean interspinous distance was 12.757±1.21 cm, mean PBH was 2.56±0.46 cm, and mean SPL was 2.69±0.57 cm. Relationship between SPL and age, weight, height, and interspinous distance was statistically significant (r=0. 240, p=0.001; r=0.242, p=0.001; r=0.204, p=0.006; r=0.224, p=0.002, respectively). Relationship between SPL and PBH was not statistically significant (r=0.97, p=0.191). Conclusion:Correct evaluation of penis size abnormality requires both knowledge of age and origin-specific average SPL values and analysis of these data. Present study provides current reference values for Caucasian boys aged 0-60 months. When combined with anthropometric measurements, these data may be beneficial to clinicians in diagnosis and treatment process.

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Penile size in the newborn infant

Cited by 112 publications

References 3 publications

‘Idiopathic’ partial androgen insensitivity syndrome in 28 newborn and infant males: impact of prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals?

‘Idiopathic’ partial androgen insensitivity syndrome in 28 newborn and infant males: impact of prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals?

Ambiguous Genitalia With Perineoscrotal Hypospadias in 46,XY Individuals: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome

Investigation of the Correlation Between Pelvic Anthropometric Measurements and Penile Length of 250 Turkish Boys Aged 0-5 Years

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