Pentanoic acid from γ-valerolactone and formic acid using bifunctional catalysis

Abstract

The production of pentanoic acid from γ-valerolactone and the one-pot route from levulinic acid both over bifunctional catalyst with formic acid as H2 source is an example for an integrated biorefinery in the direction to an industrial application.

An overview of the obtaining of biomass-derived gamma-valerolactone from levulinic acid or esters without H2 supply

“…If used together with non-precious metal heterogeneous catalysts, MPV gives selective results, and the solvent used can be recycled after being used (Chia and Dumesic 2011). When using a mixture of formic (FA) and levulinic acid as the substrate in the presence of a suitable catalyst with metal sites, FA dehydrogenates into CO2 and H2, and the latter leads to direct/conventional hydrogenation (Al-Naji et al 2020;Deng et al 2009). It is hard to use the CO2 in other processes or to encapsulate, whereas the CTHC byproducts can be regenerated or commercialized (Chia and Dumesic 2011).…”

Controlled lignosulfonate depolymerizationviasolvothermal fragmentation coupled with catalytic hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation in a continuous flow reactor

“…In the last centuries, extensive exploitation of fossil resources led to the current global environmental challenges that we are facing. [1][2][3][4] A transition toward more sustainable and renewable resources and production processes for energy and commodities is in great demand. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Among the renewable resources, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is one of the most promising feedstock since it is abundant, cheap, and intrinsically sustainable as it is produced via photosynthesis by plants.…”

Resin-supported iridium complex for low-temperature vanillin hydrogenation using formic acid in water

“…In fact, the complexity of lignocellulosic biomasses requires a large number of cost-effective processing steps. Reducing the reaction temperature and pressure using new catalysts, 2 replacing H 2 with formic acid (FA), [14][15][16][17][18] and achieving this using solid-supported catalysts are three viable strategies to reduce the cost of biorenery. Innate difficulties in transporting and storing H 2 poses a signicant hurdle to biorenery, where hydrogenation reactions are invariably needed to convert oxygen-rich biomaterial into useful substances for the chemical industry.…”