A rhodium-catalyzed method for the
hydrogenation of N-heteroarenes is described. A diverse
array of unsubstituted N-heteroarenes including pyridine,
pyrrole, and pyrazine,
traditionally challenging substrates for hydrogenation, were successfully
hydrogenated using the organometallic precatalysts, [(η5-C5Me5)Rh(N-C)H] (N-C = 2-phenylpyridinyl
(ppy) or benzo[h]quinolinyl (bq)). In addition, the
hydrogenation of polyaromatic N-heteroarenes exhibited
uncommon chemoselectivity. Studies into catalyst activation revealed
that photochemical or thermal activation of [(η5-C5Me5)Rh(bq)H] induced C(sp2)–H
reductive elimination and generated the bimetallic complex, [(η5-C5Me5)Rh(μ2,η2-bq)Rh(η5-C5Me5)H]. In the presence of H2, both of the [(η5-C5Me5)Rh(N-C)H] precursors and
[(η5-C5Me5)Rh(μ2,η2-bq)Rh(η5-C5Me5)H] converted to a pentametallic rhodium hydride
cluster, [(η5-C5Me5)4Rh5H7], the structure of which was established
by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction. Kinetic
studies on pyridine hydrogenation were conducted with each of the
isolated rhodium complexes to identify catalytically relevant species.
The data are most consistent with hydrogenation catalysis prompted
by an unobserved multimetallic cluster with formation of [(η5-C5Me5)4Rh5H7] serving as a deactivation pathway.