Pentoxifylline Attenuates Lung Injury and Modulates Transcription Factor Activity in Hemorrhagic Shock

The role of erythropoietin in hemorrhagic shock-induced liver and renal injury in rats

“…30,41 The role of several factors in the development of MOF and subsequent death after ischemia, shock, trauma, and hemorrhage (such as lipid peroxidation, neutrophil activity, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and NF-κB) have been studied in several previous studies. 14,24,42,43 However, the role of T-cell and subgroup functions in development of tissue injury and subsequent MOF remains to be further evaluated. 30 CD4+ T lymphocytes, also known as helper T cells, mainly participate in promotion of the cell-mediated immune response, augmentation of immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG2 synthesis by B cells, activation of macrophages, and promotion of antibody-mediated immune responses, which lead to IgG1 and IgE responses.…”

Transfusion of Blood Products in Trauma: An Update

“…An ideal fluid should be efficacious, safe, inexpensive, easy to store and transport (especially in the military setting), assist in carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and have beneficial immunomodulatory properties (Table 2) (12,21,25).…”

“…Data suggest that storage may decrease the ability of the red cell to transport, release, or deliver oxygen through an abnormal microcirculation. PRBCs transfusions are controversial and will be discussed later in the article (5,25,26,29).…”

Magnolol Attenuates the Lung Injury in Hypertonic Saline Treatment from Mesenteric Ischemia Reperfusion through Diminishing iNOS

“…Antioxidants, another group of immunomodulation agents, can suppress oxidative stress and induction of proinflammatory cytokines after hemorrhagic shock in rats and, in humans, can reduce the incidence of organ failure in critically ill surgical patients [12,13]. These results imply an important role for antioxidants in immunomodulation after injury.…”