Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) Kindling Model of Epilepsy

Dhir, Ashish

doi:10.1002/0471142301.ns0937s58

Cited by 244 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Goddard produced the term "kindling" for such progressive changes in the brain. [20] Due to firing in PTZ kindling model following events occur; • Alterations in emotional behavior • Cognitive inconsistencies • Neuronal loss in hippocampus. [21] Pentylenetetrazole Kindling Epilepsy Model [8]…”

Section: Kindling Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20] Required materials PTZ (Sigma, Aldrich), physiological saline (for dissolving PTZ), chronometer (for determining latent period and seizure time), video camera (in order to record seizure activity of animals for 30 minutes after injection) are used.…”

Section: Ptz Kindling Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A minimum of 6-8 animals should be alive when the protocol is finished for achieving the data to be statistically meaningful. [20] Experimental protocols Two types of experimental protocols exist for assessment of drugs in kindling: 1) drug is administered before each stimulus and its effect on acquisition of kindling is determined by comparison with control group; 2) Effects of anticonvulsant drugs are evaluated in fully kindled rats. [22] Standard PTZ kindling model needs electrode implants when behavioral and electrophysiological experiments will be performed.…”

Section: Number Of Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…produces kindling phenomenon. [20] Protocol for producing kindling in mice according to literature is as follows: [27] (Some of the researchers in the literature consider mortal seizures occurring after tonic clonic seizure phase 5 under an additional 6th phase category).…”

Section: Number Of Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20] Racine's scale was originally designed for amygdala-kindling model and prepared by comparison of electroencephalographic (EEG) records in seizures. In this aspect, use of the same scale for PTZ kindling is criticised by some authors.…”

Section: Number Of Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pentylenetetrazol Kindling Epilepsy Model

Erkeç¹,

Arıhan²

2015

Epilepsi

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SummaryEpilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting approximately 1% of the general population, and no alleviation was achieved in one third of the patients medicated with antiepileptic drugs. Current treatments of epilepsy are symptomatic and have more anti-seizure effects than antiepileptic effects. These therapies do not cure epilepsy. Basic mechanisms of epilepsy have not entirely been clarified yet. Using seizure and epilepsy animal models, our comprehension about basic mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis has improved. In addition, animal models of epilepsy and seizures are very useful in the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is widely used in antiepileptic drug discovery studies, and PTZ kindling model is very important to understand the pathophysiology of epilepsy. In this review, current information about PTZ kindling model was given in this aspect.Key words: Chemical kindling; epilepsy; experimental animal models; pentylenetetrazole; rat. ÖzetEpilepsi genel popülasyonun yaklaşık %1'ini etkileyen en yaygın nörolojik düzensizliklerden biridir. Antiepileptik ilaç tedavisi gören hastaların üçte birinde hiçbir hafifleme elde edilememektedir. Epilepsi için kullanılan güncel tedaviler semptomatiktir ve antiepileptik etkiden ziyade anti nöbet etkilidir. Bu tedaviler epilepsiyi tedavi etmemektedir. Epilepsinin temel mekanizmaları da henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Nö-bet ve epilepsi hayvan modelleri kullanılarak epilepsinin temelinde yatan mekanizmaları kavrayışımız ilerlemektedir. Ayrıca epilepsi ve nöbet hayvan modelleri yeni antiepileptik ilaç keşfi ve gelişimi bakımından kullanışlıdırlar. Pentilentetrazol (PTZ), antiepileptik ilaç keşif çalışmala-rında yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır ve PTZ tutuşma modeli epilepsinin patofizyolojisinin anlaşılması bakımından oldukça önemlidir. Bu

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Section: Kindling Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ptz Kindling Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Number Of Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Number Of Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Number Of Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pentylenetetrazol Kindling Epilepsy Model

Erkeç¹,

Arıhan²

2015

Epilepsi

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Factors influencing the acute pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizure paradigm and a literature review

Yuskaitis

Rossitto

Groff

et al. 2021

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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Objective: To confirm the critical factors affecting seizure susceptibility in acute pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) mouse epilepsy models and evaluate the prior literature for these factors. Methods: Serial cohorts of wild-type mice administered intraperitoneal (IP)-PTZ were aggregated and analyzed by multivariate logistic regression for the effect of sex, age, background strain, dose, and physiologic stress (i.e., EEG implantation and/or single-housing) on seizure response. We assessed the reporting of these factors in a comprehensive literature review over the last 10 years (2010-2020). Results: We conducted aggregated analysis of pooled data of 307 mice (220 C57BL/6J mice and 87 mixed background mice; 202 males, 105 females) with median age of 10 weeks (range: 6-49 weeks) with acute PTZ injection (dose range 40-65 mg/kg). Significance in multivariate analysis was found between seizures and increased PTZ dose (odds ratio (OR) 1.149, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.102-1.205), older age (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.041-1.170), physiologic stress (OR 17.36,, and mixed background strain (OR 0.4725, 95% CI 0.2315-0.9345). Literature review identified 97 papers using acute PTZ-seizure models. Age, housing, sex, and background were omitted by 61% (59/97), 51% (49/97), 18% (17/97), and 8% (8/ 97) papers, respectively. Only 17% of publications specified all four factors (16/ 97). Interpretation: Our analysis and literature review demonstrate a critical gap in standardization of acute PTZ-induced seizure paradigm in mice. We recommend that future studies specify and control for age, background strain, sex, and housing conditions of experimental animals.

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Ferrous Disulfide‐Based Photothermal Nanocatalyst for NIR‐II Mild Hyperthermia‐Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Liu

Men

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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as drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), represents a formidable challenge in the clinic with poor prognosis and heavy disease burden. [1] Resection or ablation of epileptogenic focus offers an important method for the treatment of focal DRE such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, locoregional resective surgery is greatly impeded by postoperative complications and misconceptions. [2] Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), which adopts 980 nm or 1064 nm second near-infrared (NIR-II) laser, can achieve comparable efficacy to traditional surgery while significantly reducing surgical complications, showing great prospects for photothermal therapy (PTT) of epilepsy. [3] However, the operating power of clinically approved PTT approaches including LITT is usually as high as 10 W. [4] Therefore, nonselective killing of lesions and surrounding healthy tissues is unavoidable. [4a,5] Photothermal agents (PTA) which could absorb light irradiation and exhibit photo-heat conversion effects substantially increase the selectivity of PTT. [5][6] Our previous study also revealed that polydopamine nanoparticles irradiated by 808 nm laser can precisely ablate the deep brain tissue without significant damage to the superficial tissues. [7] Despite great progress in the development of PTA, PTT relying solely on heating Photothermal therapy (PTT) has been approved clinically to ablate epileptogenic focus, while the clinical application of this approach is still hindered due to its limited selectivity and potential safety concerns related to extreme hyperthermia. Hypothermal PPT (HPTT) is a novel treatment modality employing mild hyperthermia to ablate abnormal cells, which has a distinctive advantage of minimal side effects on healthy tissues. The significantly elevated hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) concentration in the epileptogenic zone provides a suitable microenvironment for selective chemodynamic therapy (CDT), which utilizes the Fenton reaction of H 2 O 2 and iron-based nanomaterials to generate cytotoxic free radicals. Herein, the authors report proof-ofconcept evidence that HPTT and CDT can be successfully integrated to ablate epileptogenic focus. A photothermal nanocatalyst ferrous disulfide nanoplatform is prepared for CDT of epilepsy. More importantly, the CDT efficacy is augmented by the second near-infrared irradiation-induced hyperthermia, leading to synergistic HPTT and CDT therapy. In vivo studies on pentylenetetrazole kindling epileptic rats show that the frequency and severity of epileptic attacks are remarkably suppressed after ablation of the epileptogenic focus. It is envisioned that this HPTT augmented CDT strategy may serve as a novel strategy for the treatment of focal epilepsy.

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Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) Kindling Model of Epilepsy

Cited by 244 publications

References 20 publications

Pentylenetetrazol Kindling Epilepsy Model

Pentylenetetrazol Kindling Epilepsy Model

Factors influencing the acute pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizure paradigm and a literature review

Ferrous Disulfide‐Based Photothermal Nanocatalyst for NIR‐II Mild Hyperthermia‐Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

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