Peonidin-3-O-Glucoside from Purple Corncob Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Mitochondrial and Lysosome Functions to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Abstract

A frequent chronic liver condition across the world is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Oxidative stress caused by lipid accumulation is generally considered to be the main cause of NAFLD. Anthocyanins can effectively inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species and improve oxidative stress. In this work, six major anthocyanins were separated from purple corncob by semi-preparative liquid chromatography. The effects of the 6 kinds of anthocyanins against NAFLD were investigated using a free fatty acid (FFA)-induced cell model. The results showed that peonidin 3-O-glucoside (P3G) can significantly reduce lipid accumulation in the NAFLD cell model. The treatment with P3G also inhibited oxidative stress via inhibiting the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion, increasing glutathione levels, and enhancing the activities of SOD, GPX, and CAT. Further studies unveiled that treatment with P3G not only alleviated inflammation but also improved the depletion of mitochondrial content and damage of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain developed concomitantly in the cell model. P3G upregulated transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosomal function and activated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-mediated peroxisomal lipid oxidation by interacting with PPARα possibly. Overall, this study added to our understanding of the protective effects of purple corn anthocyanins against NAFLD and offered suggestions for developing functional foods containing these anthocyanins.

Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh: Metabolic Adaptive Responses to Stress Caused by N Starvation

“…The remaining metabolic pathways were enriched by metabolites identified under optimal and N-deprivation conditions (4 and 0.2 mM, respectively) ( Figure 10 c,d). Anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways attracted our attention because these SMes play an antioxidant role and repair the damage caused by oxidative stress [ 72 ]. Steroids (another enriched metabolic pathway) are also known to play roles in the regulation of root elongation and growth, as well as in the rigidity and elasticity of roots, which directly affect their capacity for growth and expansion.…”

“…Brassinosteroids interact with other phytohormones to stimulate antioxidant production and activate stress responsive transcription factors [ 68 , 69 ]. Diterpenoids, particularly gibberellins, act as protective molecules against oxidative stress and mediate plant growth [ 70 , 72 ]. Activating these pathways may increase the plant’s stress tolerance machinery under nitrate-deficient conditions, emphasizing a survival strategy focused on stress mitigation and growth regulation.…”

“…In contrast, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was the only enriched metabolic pathway under the N-deprivation condition (0.2 mM) ( Figure 10 d). Anthocyanin biosynthesis, which is enriched by antioxidant metabolites such as pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and pelargonin, probably counteracts oxidative stress [ 72 ]. This interpretation is consistent with the role of anthocyanins in neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preventing oxidative damage.…”

An Overview of the Phytochemical Composition of Different Organs of Prunus spinosa L., Their Health Benefits and Application in Food Industry

“…Studies suggest that a sufficient intake of antioxidants may beneficially interfere with CVD by reducing ROS [91]. It has been shown [94] that antioxidants, administered either individually or in combinations, can modulate both the uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis and its function (eNOS) by scavenging free radicals or affecting specific pathways of radical generation, thus preventing oxidative stress and ameliorating vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED). Epidemiological evidence and dietary guidelines suggest that anti-oxidant-rich diets or anti-oxidant supplementation could maintain vascular health and prevent CVD.…”

Determination of Anthocyanin Content of Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas L) Extract Using the Differential pH Method

“…Anthocyanins are organic molecules in the flavonoid group, part of the polyphenolic compounds (Sáenz-de la O et al, 2023). Anthocyanins have excellent health benefits namely, in chronic liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which is caused by oxidative stress due to lipid accumulation, anthocyanins can effectively inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species and increase oxidative stress (Hao et al, 2023). The stability of purple sweet potato anthocyanins is strongly influenced by the environment such as pH variations.…”