People brought to the emergency department under involuntary assessment orders: A scoping review

Alcock, John; Ranse, Jamie; Crilly, Julia; Wardrop, Rachel

doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2023.101290

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…People brought in by police (BIBP) to the ED are a unique population that may require tailored health care and represent around 1% of all ED presentations in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021) and under 1% in the United Kingdom and United States (Alcock et al, 2023).…”

Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Involuntary assessment orders permit the detainment and transport of an individual to a place of safety for assessment and/or treatment (Saya et al, 2019). International terminology around involuntary assessment varies and includes words such as 'committed', 'sectioned', detained' 'sanctioned', 'involuntary hold', 'emergency examination authority', 'involuntary treatment order' and 'mental health order' (Alcock et al, 2023;Saya et al, 2019). Police are often the first to respond to people in the community experiencing a mental health or behavioural health crisis, with the de facto destination for these people being either jails or EDs (Balfour et al, 2022).…”

Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinicians' experiences of caring for people brought in by police to the emergency department: A qualitative interpretive study

Wardrop,

Ranse,

Crilly

et al. 2023

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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AimTo explore nurses' and doctors' experiences of providing care to people brought in by police (BIBP) to the emergency department (ED).DesignA qualitative interpretive study using in‐depth individual interviews.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with nurses and doctors who worked in various EDs in one Australian state and were involved in the care of people BIBP. Interviews were undertaken between May and October 2022 and focused on the structures (i.e., what), processes (i.e., how) and outcomes of care for people BIBP. Data were analysed using deductive and then inductive content analysis.ResultsNine nurses and eight doctors were interviewed. Structures described by participants included human structures (staff) and organizational structures (areas for assessment, involuntary assessment orders, investigations, chemical/physical restraints). For processes, participants described practices including risk/mental health assessments, legal considerations, and increased/decreased levels of care compared to other presentations. Communication processes were largely between police and health care staff. Service outcomes pertained to discharge location (custody, community, hospital admission) and length of stay.ConclusionThe current care delivery for people BIBP to the ED is unique and complex, often occurring in high traffic, resource‐intensive areas. There is a need to strengthen structures and processes, to improve service outcomes.Implications for the ProfessionUnderstanding the care requirements for people brought into ED by police enables the delivery of targeted care alongside appropriate resource allocation.ImpactThis study provides a comprehensive understanding of the health care requirements for people BIBP to EDs. Interventions delivered in the ED to support health care delivery for people BIBP and foster clinician and police relationships are required to optimize patient and health service outcomes.Reporting MethodThis study adheres to the COREQ checklist (Table S1) of the EQUATOR guidelines.Patient or Public ContributionThis study focused on ED staff experiences.

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Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinicians' experiences of caring for people brought in by police to the emergency department: A qualitative interpretive study

Wardrop,

Ranse,

Crilly

et al. 2023

Journal of Advanced Nursing

Self Cite

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Characteristics and outcomes of emergency department presentations brought in by police with and without an emergency examination authority: A state-wide cohort study

Alcock,

Crilly OAM,

Ranse

et al. 2024

Australasian Emergency Care

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Police reform and involuntary hospitalization

Morabito,

Savage,

Messina

et al. 2024

Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice

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Involuntary hospitalization to receive a psychiatric evaluation is a serious mental health and legal matter that often requires involvement from the local police. It is, however, an understudied part of the police role despite the possibility for the use of force given the involuntary aspect of these encounters. Following the enactment of police reform legislation across Massachusetts in 2020, the Boston Police Department (BPD) has refined its approach to collecting, vetting, executing, and following up on involuntary hospitalization orders, also known as Section 12(a) of the Massachusetts General Laws. As of 2021, all Section 12(a) applications received directly by the BPD from external clinicians have been maintained in a centralized database overseen by the BPD Street Outreach Unit. First, we review the wider context of involuntary hospitalizations. We then review police reform efforts in Massachusetts—the context in which the BPD decided to formalize and make changes to its policy. We then explore the nature of those policy changes. Next, we use quantitative data from the involuntary hospitalization forms received by the Street Outreach Unit submitted by external mental health providers combined with information collected from the vetting of these applications, as well as BPD data detailing the outcomes of the resultant encounters, to closely examine the use and impact of the BPD’s Section 12 policy. The findings associated with these analyses provide a basis for a better understanding of police involvement in involuntary hospitalization.

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People brought to the emergency department under involuntary assessment orders: A scoping review

Cited by 3 publications

References 39 publications

Clinicians' experiences of caring for people brought in by police to the emergency department: A qualitative interpretive study

Clinicians' experiences of caring for people brought in by police to the emergency department: A qualitative interpretive study

Characteristics and outcomes of emergency department presentations brought in by police with and without an emergency examination authority: A state-wide cohort study

Police reform and involuntary hospitalization

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