“People look at me like I AM the virus”: Fear, stigma, and discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic

Choi, Shinwoo

doi:10.1177/1473325020973333

Cited by 37 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Stigma, discrimination and negative emotions like fear, anxiety and helplessness towards persons suffering from infectious disease during a pandemic have been reported in earlier studies (Choi, 2021;Shultz et al, 2015;Bohle, 2013). The current study participants expressed similar fear of seeing the rising number of deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Adapting to COVID-19 in Bangladesh: “It felt like the sky fell apart and we were in shock”

Nandonik¹,

Pooja²,

Kabir

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background The COVID-19 epidemic has especially impacted the urban population in Bangladesh. Despite the illness impacts not only the patient but also other members in the family, studies on COVID-19 have primarily focused on the patient’s perspective. It is important to understand the experience of family members who adopt caregiving roles. This study aimed to explore the challenges, preventative practices, health-seeking behaviour, and navigating the health care system from the perspective of family members of persons who had recovered from COVID-19 during its initial outbreak in Bangladesh. Methods Participants of this qualitative study were family members (n = 7) of persons who had recovered from COVID-19 (either suspected or confirmed) and received treatment either at home, in a hospital or isolation centre. Data for the study was collected through in-depth interviews over telephone using a semi-structured interview guide. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results Analysis revealed three key themes: changes in everyday practices and choice of health care, challenges and constraints, and unexpected positive outcomes. All the themes had temporal dimension to them with four distinct phases: early stage of COVID-19, strict lockdown phase, COVID-19 diagnosis and illness period, and post COVID-19 recovery. Conclusion The importance of maintaining social contact for psychological wellbeing during critical times was evident in the study. Online communication and social media enabled participants to remain ‘socially connected’ rather than ‘socially distanced’, which further supported their mental health during the healing process. Increased attention to hygiene practices both before, during and subsequent to COVID-19 infections within families was reported. The recommendation of physical distancing in case of suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 was found logistically and socially impractical in a densely populated city.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Adapting to COVID-19 in Bangladesh: “It felt like the sky fell apart and we were in shock”

Nandonik¹,

Pooja²,

Kabir

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…These findings diverge from those of prior studies ( 11 , 15 ), in which females showed better attitudes toward COVID-19 than men. Perhaps female participants in this study were less likely to report potential symptoms to avoid the stigma of COVID-19, as fear of the stigma associated with COVID-19 is a problem for many people ( 29 , 51 , 52 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward COVID-19 Among the General Public in the Border Region of Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Almalki

2021

Front. Public Health

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Background: The Saudi government had implemented unprecedented preventive measures to deal with COVID-19. These measures included intermittent curfews, bans on public gatherings, limitations on many services, temporary suspension of Hajj, Umrah, and visit and launching awareness campaigns. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the KAP toward COVID-19 among residents of the border region of Jazan, Saudi Arabia.Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was distributed from May 4 to May 21, 2020, using a Google Form. The survey questionnaire covered demographic characteristics and KAP toward COVID-19. The KAP questions consisted of 17 items on knowledge, four items on attitude, and six items on practice.Results: A total of 597 participants responded to the survey questionnaire. Overall, participants demonstrated a good knowledge of COVID-19, correctly answering 77% of the knowledge questions. Most of the participants exhibited good attitudes and acceptable practices toward COVID-19. Multiple regression analysis revealed that participants with a university education (B = 1.75) or post-graduate education (B = 2.24), those with an income >SR 10,000–20,000 (B = 1.38) or >SR 20,000 (B = 2.07), and those who had received a personal health education (B = 1.19) had higher COVID-19 knowledge scores (p < 0.05). The ordinal logistic regression analysis found that compared to being female, being male was significantly associated with worrying about COVID-19 (p = 0.024, OR = 1.78), willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.003, OR = 1.81), and willingness to report potential symptoms of COVID-19 (p = 0.046, OR = 2.28). Worrying about COVID-19 was significantly associated with pre-university education vs. post-graduate education (p ≤ 0.001, OR = 7.94) and university education vs. post-graduate education (p ≤ 0.001, OR = 4.17). The binary logistic regression analysis found that compared to being female, being male was significantly associated with less face mask wearing in public (p = 0.009, OR = 0.31): Females were 3.23 times more likely to wear a face mask than were males.Conclusions: Most of the study participants had good knowledge, positive attitudes, and effective practices toward COVID-19. The findings of this study may help guide future awareness resources to the groups most in need in the Jazan region, particularly as the COVID-19 situation develops and changes. Further assessment should consider the groups omitted from this study, including immigrants and the elderly who have not adopted social media and technology.

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“…The adverse financial and public health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased personal economic stress worldwide [ 7 , 27 , 38 , 39 ]. Amid pervasive reports that the virus originated in China, it is alarming that the pandemic has been associated with an escalation of negative and violent reactions towards Asians [ 40 , 41 ]. In both India and the United States, the present findings revealed bias against the Chinese victim on a variety of measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19—Related Assault on Asians: Economic Hardship in the United States and India Predicts Diminished Support for Victim Compensation and Assailant Punishment

Johnson

Sattler

Otton

2021

IJERPH

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Background: There has been an alarming increase in discrimination and violence towards Asians during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic amid reports that the virus was first detected in China. In an incident involving a COVID-19-related physical assault, this study examined whether economic hardship experienced by participants during the pandemic and the race of the victim (Chinese, White) would influence support to compensate a victim and punish the assailant. The study also explored whether the perception that the victim experienced emotional and physical suffering due to the assault would mediate the relationships. Method: Participants in India and the United States reported on their own economic hardship due to the pandemic. They then read about an incident in which an innocent person suffered a COVID-19-related physical and verbal attack, and indicated if they would support punishing the assailant and financially compensating the victim. Results: When the victim was Chinese, participants experiencing a high degree of COVID-19 economic hardship were less likely to support financially compensating the victim or punishing the assailant compared to when the victim was White. Furthermore, when the victim was Chinese, the negative associations between economic hardship and financially compensating the victim and punishing the assailant were mediated by reduced recognition that the victim suffered emotional trauma and pain as a result of the attack. Conclusions: COVID-19-driven economic hardship experienced by participants predicted an array of reactions that reflected reduced recognition of the civil and human rights of a victim of a COVID-19-related assault. These findings have significant implications for mental health, public health, and the justice system, and underscore the pressing need for prompt action to mitigate economic hardship and to address racism and discrimination.

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“People look at me like I AM the virus”: Fear, stigma, and discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 37 publications

References 5 publications

Adapting to COVID-19 in Bangladesh: “It felt like the sky fell apart and we were in shock”

Adapting to COVID-19 in Bangladesh: “It felt like the sky fell apart and we were in shock”

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward COVID-19 Among the General Public in the Border Region of Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

COVID-19—Related Assault on Asians: Economic Hardship in the United States and India Predicts Diminished Support for Victim Compensation and Assailant Punishment

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