People with an intellectual disability and the criminal justice system: The family perspective

Cockram, Judith; Jackson, Robert; Underwood, Rod

doi:10.1080/13668259800033571

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…People with an intellectual disability are more likely to be detained for questioning and/or arrested (Cockram, 1998;Hodgins, 1992;Lyall, Holland, & Collins, 1995) and fail to understand their legal rights Cockram, Jackson & Underwood, 1998;Howard & Tyrer, 1998;Ierace, 1989;Jackson, Cockram, & Underwood, 1994). They are also more likely to confess to a crime they did not commit due to their acquiescence and desire to please authority figures (Bull, 1995;Cockram et al, 1998;Howard & Tyrer, 1998;Turk, 1989) and are more suggestible (Prosser & Bromley, 1998;Turk, 1989).…”

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confidence: 93%

“…Whilst the prevalence of intellectual disability in the community ranges from 2 to 5% (Hatton, 1998;Hayes & Craddock, 1992), prevalence rates in the criminal justice system, both in Australia and internationally, range between 0 and 25% (Brandford, 1997;Courtless, 1971, as cited in Cockram, Jackson, & Underwood, 1998;Hayes, 1997;Hayes & McIlwain, 1988;Jones & Coombes, 1990;Murphy, Harnett, & Holland, 1995). Many theories have been postulated to explain this overrepresentation, including psychological and sociological theories which state, respectively, that both individual factors (e.g., psychological disorders, poor social skills) and social factors (e.g., unemployment, poor education) play a major role in this over-representation (New South Wales Law Reform Commission, 1996).…”

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confidence: 98%

“…Many theories have been postulated to explain this overrepresentation, including psychological and sociological theories which state, respectively, that both individual factors (e.g., psychological disorders, poor social skills) and social factors (e.g., unemployment, poor education) play a major role in this over-representation (New South Wales Law Reform Commission, 1996). Other reasons for over-representation that have been suggested include people with an intellectual disability are more likely to engage in criminal behaviour and are more likely to be caught as a consequence of their personality and cognitive characteristics (e.g., impulsiveness, poor ability to learn from experiences -this is also known as the "Susceptibility Hypothesis"; Cockram et al, 1998). One theory, commonly referred to as the "Different Treatment Hypothesis", that predominates much of the literature regarding over-representation is that people with an intellectual disability are vulnerable to the processes of the criminal justice system and, consequently, are treated differently and unjustly (Jackson, Cockram, & Underwood, 1994).…”

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confidence: 98%

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An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Intellectual Ability and an Understanding of the Legal Process in Male Remand Prisoners

Parton

Day

White

2004

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law

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R esearch conducted in Australia and around the world in the last decade has shown that people with significant intellectual impairments are over-represented in all areas of the criminal justice system. They are particularly over-represented in remand populations appearing before court. Previous research has suggested that as many as one-quarter of offenders facing sentencing in court have difficulty in understanding court procedures and it is suspected that a majority of these individuals suffer a significant intellectual impairment. The purpose of this study was to establish whether remandees with significant intellectual impairments (IQ < 70) have an accurate understanding of the court system. Seventy-four remand prisoners took part in the study. Remandees with an IQ of less than 70 demonstrated a significantly poorer understanding of the court system than those remandees with an IQ of 70 and above. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the need for law reform and diversionary practices for this population of remandees.

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confidence: 93%

Section: Please Scroll Down For Articlementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Please Scroll Down For Articlementioning

confidence: 98%

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An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Intellectual Ability and an Understanding of the Legal Process in Male Remand Prisoners

Parton

Day

White

2004

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law

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“…In our study [2] (n = 407, 97%) on SUD almost all individuals with ID had used alcohol and tobacco at least once in their lives, and 50% of them had used at least one illicit substance. The judicial system shows that there is an over-representation of this group [3]. Data from several prison populations showed higher ID levels than in the community (between 10 and 70%), especially among prisoners with psychiatric disorders [4].…”

Section: Intellectually Disabled and Addicted: A Call For Evidence Bamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1,2]. Since 2016, the health authorities and various levels of government in BC have worked together on implementing different methods to control the epidemic [3][4][5][6][7]. There have been some important strategies used in the city of Vancouver which, in our opinion, have been novel in their approach.…”

Section: Intellectually Disabled and Addicted: A Call For Evidence Bamentioning

confidence: 99%

Intellectually disabled and addicted: a call for evidence based tailor‐made interventions

Kiewik

VanDerNagel

Engels³

et al. 2017

Addiction

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due to power constraints, we were unable to account for co-occurring SUD diagnoses, which includes tobacco use disorder. Nonetheless, in order to address the specific concerns about tobacco, we ran model 3 including tobacco use disorder, and findings were only modestly attenuated and broadly consistent with the prior model 3 findings; the hazard ratios (HRs) estimating suicide risk associated with any current SUD were 1.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-1.6] for men and 1.9 (95% CI = 1.2-2.8) for women. Overall, it is important to acknowledge that this study was undertaken to identify markers of risk for suicide (e.g. to inform providers and health systems), not to necessarily make causal inferences about mechanisms of risk. Declaration of interestsNone. However, little is known about evidence-based interventions for SUD in individuals with ID. There are several reasons for the gap between epidemiological knowledge and treatment modalities. First, this group is frequently denied access to the full range of available services, including prevention, (early) intervention and aftercare. Secondly, when individuals with ID are admitted to substance treatment they are often unable to benefit from mainstream interventions, due to their limited vocabulary, poor development of memory function and difficulties discriminating between relevant and irrelevant information. They experience problems with planning and attention, have impaired abstract reasoning and low self-insight. Furthermore, group-based programmes are difficult for people with ID to participate in because they are often too abstract, proceed too fast or require adequate social skills. Therefore, a great need exists for effective, tailormade treatment strategies designed for these patients. KeywordsIn order to bridge the gap between our epidemiological knowledge and treatment modalities, we conducted a review of the literature on obstacles for SUD treatment for individuals with ID, and the opinions of authors regarding the adaptation of treatment programmes. We found only six studies, including two randomized studies, that provide data regarding a treatment modality, covering a total of 148 participants world-wide. The overall conclusions of these reviewed studies are that the substance-related knowledge increased, but failed to impact substancerelated attitudes, intention to stop using or the substance use itself. The interventions are often too short and do not take into account the complex nature of SUD in ID. We conclude that almost no new insights were presented between 1980 and 2015.This provides food for thought that the lack of adequate treatment modalities might lead to societal exclusion, and even criminalization, of this group [6]. This leads to an extremely problematic situation, as there is apparently lack of attention from scholars, clinical agencies, donors and governmental-funded bodies to invest in the development and adaptation of evidence-based treatment modalities for this group.The co-occurrence of SUD and ID thus calls for scientific ...

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Psychiatric Illness, Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Risk

Haut¹,

Brewster²

2010

Assessment and Treatment of Sexual Offenders With Intellectual Disabilities

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People with an intellectual disability and the criminal justice system: The family perspective

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Intellectual Ability and an Understanding of the Legal Process in Male Remand Prisoners

An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Intellectual Ability and an Understanding of the Legal Process in Male Remand Prisoners

Intellectually disabled and addicted: a call for evidence based tailor‐made interventions

Psychiatric Illness, Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Risk

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