“…As mentioned in the introduction, robots are advantageous in that—like human interlocutors—they can interact with students. Indeed, although current robots cannot provide tutoring to the same degree to which human tutors can, as argued in previous research (Vogt et al, ), recent studies suggest that the use of robots produces increased learning gains, at least in comparison with traditional learning materials and digital devices (Gordon et al, ; Han et al, ; Kennedy, Baxter, Senft, & Belpaeme, ; Lee et al, ; Mazzoni & Benvenuti, ; Schodde, Bergmann, & Kopp, ; Tanaka et al, ; Tanaka & Matsuzoe, ; Yorita, Botzheim, & Kubota, ).…”