Peppermint and menthol: a review on their biochemistry, pharmacological activities, clinical applications, and safety considerations

Kazemi, Asma; Iraji, Aida; Esmaealzadeh, Niusha; Salehi, Mehdi; Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem

doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2296991

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 240 publications

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“…Peppermint, known for its essential oils primarily consisting of menthol, flavonoids, and non-flavonoid phenolic carboxylic acids, has been associated with reducing fatigue and enhancing alertness during monotonous work settings [ 22 ]. Surveys indicate that people prefer the scent of peppermint among essential oils such as peppermint, rosemary, and basil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scented Solutions: Examining the Efficacy of Scent Interventions in Mitigating Driving Fatigue

Jiang,

Muthusamy,

Chen

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Fatigued driving threatens the safety of people’s lives and property. Scent countermeasures offer minimal disruption and high efficacy, making them a promising approach. The aim of this study was to explore the application of scent countermeasures in alleviating fatigued driving. This study explored changes in EEG frequency bands (alpha, beta, theta, and gamma) and the activity of EEG metrics (R(α/β), Rθ/(α+β) and R(α+θ)/(α+β)) in the temporal lobe during driving tasks, selected fatigued driving identifiers, and aided validation by investigating subjective fatigue with the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). The EEG indicators all increased, with a significant increase in R(α/β). R(α/β) was combined with the KSS to explore the effects of three scents, peppermint, grapefruit, and lavender, on driving fatigue. The subjective questionnaire results indicated that all three scents significantly improved driving fatigue, with significantly lower levels of driving fatigue compared to the control group. The analysis of EEG signals revealed a significant decrease in R(α/β) after the implementation of scent countermeasures. Moreover, R(α/β) was found to be lower in all three odor intervention groups compared to the control group. All three scents were found to significantly alleviate driving fatigue. The grapefruit scent had a better timely effect in relieving driving fatigue and the lavender scent had a longer effectiveness. This study provides further exploration for the application of odor interventions to alleviate driving fatigue. This study provides a practical reference for drivers to use odors to avoid fatigue in order to improve road safety.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peppermint is primarily composed of menthol, flavonoids, and non-flavonoid phenolic carboxylic acids [ 22 ]. Surveys indicate a preference for peppermint aroma [ 23 ].…”

Section: Study On Scent Interventions For Fatigued Drivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scented Solutions: Examining the Efficacy of Scent Interventions in Mitigating Driving Fatigue

Jiang,

Muthusamy,

Chen

et al. 2024

Sensors

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“…It is a global health concern with significant implications for morbidity and mortality [ 27 ]. There is practical importance of different medicinal herbs such as Petroselinum crispum [ 28 ], peppermint [ 29 ] and many other edible plants in the management of chronic diseases [ 30 ]. Persian medicine has long‐utilised natural remedies [ 31 ], such as P. atlantica , for various diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Effect of Pistacia atlantica Oleoresin on Blood Sugar, Pressure and Lipids in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Single‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial

Memariani,

Tatari,

Zahedi

et al. 2024

Endocrino Diabet & Metabol

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BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by high blood sugar (BS) levels due to impaired insulin production or insulin resistance. It is a global health concern with significant implications for morbidity and mortality. Persian medicine has long utilised natural remedies, such as Pistacia atlantica Desf., for various diseases. In this randomised clinical trial, the effects of P. atlantica oleoresin in the improvement of lipid profiles, glucose indices and blood pressure (BP) were assessed in patients with Type 2 DM.Materials and MethodsIn this randomised, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, 42 patients with Type 2 DM were randomly allocated to receive either P. atlantica oleoresin or placebo capsule for 3 months. Patients were evaluated prior to and 12 weeks after the beginning of the intervention, in terms of changes in lipid profiles, glucose indices and BP.ResultsAfter 3 months, the mean BP in patients with DM receiving P. atlantica oleoresin was significantly reduced compared with the baseline (p = 0.001). Also, these changes were significantly higher than those of the control group. The mean of total cholesterol (p = 0.89), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) (p = 0.43) and triglyceride (TG) (p = 0.98) in the intervention group after 3 months was lower than that in the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionAfter 3 months, there was no significant difference between the P. atlantica and control groups in terms of blood sugar and lipid profiles. The mean BP in patients with DM receiving P. atlantica oleoresin was significantly reduced compared with that in the beginning of the study. Also, these changes were significant compared with the control group.

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Mint (Mentha spp.) essential oil extraction: from conventional to emerging technologies

Hedayati,

Tarahi,

Baeghbali

et al. 2024

Phytochem Rev

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Peppermint and menthol: a review on their biochemistry, pharmacological activities, clinical applications, and safety considerations

Cited by 14 publications

References 240 publications

Scented Solutions: Examining the Efficacy of Scent Interventions in Mitigating Driving Fatigue

Scented Solutions: Examining the Efficacy of Scent Interventions in Mitigating Driving Fatigue

Evaluation of the Effect of Pistacia atlantica Oleoresin on Blood Sugar, Pressure and Lipids in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Single‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial

Mint (Mentha spp.) essential oil extraction: from conventional to emerging technologies

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