Peptide-Based Vaccine against Breast Cancer: Recent Advances and Prospects

Abstract

Breast cancer is considered the second-leading cancer after lung cancer and is the most prevalent cancer among women globally. Currently, cancer immunotherapy via vaccine has gained great attention due to specific and targeted immune cell activity that creates a potent immune response, thus providing long-lasting protection against the disease. Despite peptides being very susceptible to enzymatic degradation and poor immunogenicity, they can be easily customized with selected epitopes to induce a specific immune response and particulate with carriers to improve their delivery and thus overcome their weaknesses. With advances in nanotechnology, the peptide-based vaccine could incorporate other components, thereby modulating the immune system response against breast cancer. Considering that peptide-based vaccines seem to show remarkably promising outcomes against cancer, this review focuses on and provides a specific view of peptide-based vaccines used against breast cancer. Here, we discuss the benefits associated with a peptide-based vaccine, which can be a mainstay in the prevention and recurrence of breast cancer. Additionally, we also report the results of recent trials as well as plausible prospects for nanotechnology against breast cancer.

Current Landscape of Cancer Immunotherapy: Harnessing the Immune Arsenal to Overcome Immune Evasion

“…These vaccines offer the advantage of synthetic manufacturing, ensuring complete identification and elimination of biological contaminants associated with traditional antigen sources. Peptide-based vaccination, while advantageous in some aspects, face challenges such as short half-life, inadequate immunogenicity, susceptibility to degradation, and limited bioavailability [406]. NeuVax™, the leading peptide-based breast cancer vaccine, reached Phase III clinical trials initiated by the US National Cancer Institute in 2011, marking a significant advancement in its development and evaluation [407].…”

Recent Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy with a Focus on FDA-Approved Vaccines and Neoantigen-Based Vaccines

“…mRNA-and peptide-based cancer vaccines constitute the major forms of design to produce vaccines useful for cancer immunotherapies [28,29], and several clinical trials have been conducted with such formulations [30][31][32]. These clinical trials are classified as mRNAor peptide-based vaccinations.…”