Peptide‐modified stainless steel with resistance capacity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation

Abstract

Attachment of marine fouling organisms causes biofouling. The adhesion of destructive organisms can be reduced through surface modification with antibiofilm chemicals. In this study, a direct surface modification between peptide solution with different concentrations and stainless steel was performed, and the reaction mechanism was explained by simulation of the modification process. Results of surface water contact angle and surface hardness indicated the optimal modification concentration of peptide solution was 10 μg/mL. Under the optimal concentration, peptide-modified stainless steel was prepared through the reaction between peptide and 304 stainless steel. Results of scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that the peptide was successfully bound on stainless steel surface. Antimicrobial activity of samples surface was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The results illustrated that the peptide treated sample surface possesses significant antimicrobial property. The findings presented valuable information on marine antifouling researches. KEYWORDSantibiofilm, bio-modified metallic material, optimal concentration, peptide, simulationIn aquatic environment, conditioning layer induced by microorganisms is easy to form rapidly on the solid surface. 1 Bacteria then adhere on the conditioning layer and secrete biofilms. The biofilms contain extracellular protein and sticky polysaccharide, which make biofilms easy to attach on almost all surfaces exposed to the non-sterile environment and difficult to remove according to the previous research studies. 2 A large number of fouling organisms will be attracted on the biofilms, resulting in biofouling on the surface of the metal. [3][4][5] Biofouling causes great loss in many fields, including medical implants, food industry, and ship transportation. 6,7 Many methods have been utilized to reduce marine biofouling.For example, coatings with heavy metal ions have been used to reduce the adhesion of biofouling organisms. However, the spreading of the ions into the sea water will cause marine environment pollution. Green techniques should be applied into the research on the antifouling in ship transportation. Previous results showed that the changes of surface energy were related with antifouling of metal surface. Biofouling organisms will be difficult to adhere or easy to detach on the materials surface to achieve antifouling if the surface energy is low or ultralow. [8][9][10][11][12][13] A new bioorganic material with lower surface energy which yielded by an unknown reaction of peptides and metals has been reported. 14,15 It revealed that a chemical reaction of the peptide coatings with metals occurred and changed the electronic state of the metal surface. [16][17][18] Wong et al obtained a material by the reaction between polypeptide and stainless steel; moreover, the extent of the reaction could be improved via dopamine addition. 19,20 Davis e...

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