Protein–protein interactions
(PPIs) pose challenges for
intervention through small molecule drugs, protein drugs, and linear
peptides due to inherent limitations such as inappropriate size, poor
stability, and limited membrane penetrance. The emergence of stapled
α-helical peptides presents a promising avenue as potential
competitors for inhibiting PPIs, demonstrating enhanced structural
stability and increased tolerance to proteolytic enzymes. This review
aims to provide an overview of metal-free stapling strategies involving
two identical natural amino acids, two different natural amino acids,
non-natural amino acids, and multicomponent reactions. The primary
objective is to delineate comprehensive peptide stapling approaches
and foster innovative ideation among readers by accentuating methodologies
published within the past five years and elucidating evolving trends
in stapled peptides.