Peptides from adipose tissue in mental disorders

Abstract

Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ that is essential to regulation of metabolism in humans. A new approach to mental disorders led to research on involvement of adipokines in the etiology of mental disorders and mood states and their impact on the health status of psychiatric patients, as well as the effects of treatment for mental health disorders on plasma levels of adipokines. There is evidence that disturbances in adipokine secretion are important in the pathogenesis, clinical presentation and outcome of mental disorders. Admittedly leptin and adiponectin are involved in pathophysiology of depression. A lot of disturbances in secretion and plasma levels of adipokines are observed in eating disorders with a significant impact on the symptoms and course of a disease. It is still a question whether observed dysregulation of adipokines secretion are primary or secondary. Moreover findings in this area are somewhat inconsistent, owing to differences in patient age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking habits, level of physical activity, eating pathology, general health or medication. This was the rationale for our detailed investigation into the role of the endocrine functions of adipose tissue in mental disorders. It seems that we are continually at the beginning of understanding of the relation between adipose tissue and mental disorders.

Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin and clinical parameters in women with fibromyalgia and overweight/obesity

“…The authors suggested that the lack of leptin or resistance to its action could favor a depressive status, and this factor could lead to worsening of fibromyalgia. The leptin levels are decreased in depression, and the administration of leptin may improve depressive symptoms (31). In the present study, mood changes, as determined by the PHQ-9, showed no difference between the two fibromyalgia groups.…”

Synaptic plasticity and depression: new insights from stress and rapid-acting antidepressants

“…Obesity and diabetes are also associated with disruption of PFC circuits and neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, endocannabinoids, opioids) involved in motivation, reward, and anxiety that overlap with depression circuits 80,87–89 . Circulating peptides, including leptin and adiponectin (from adipose tissue) and ghrelin (from stomach), which influence feeding behavior and/or energy homeostasis 90 , are also regulated by stress and influence depression and anxiety behavior in rodent models 91–93,94 . Feeding, energy homeostasis, endocrine and neurocrine systems are also influenced by the gut microbiome, which has been implicated in healthy behavior while an imbalanced microbiome-brain interaction has been linked with psychiatric illnesses, including depression and anxiety 95–97 .…”

Leptin and psychiatric illnesses: does leptin play a role in antipsychotic-induced weight gain?

“…Modifications of leptin metabolism and its gene expression, as well as its receptor, have been reported among patients with mental health disorders, independently to psychotropic drugs or in absence of antipsychotics [43]. Several studies showed a particular interest in the relationship between leptin and depressive disorders, but with discordant conclusions [42][43][44][45].…”