Peptidoglycan and Muropeptides from Pathogens Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas Elicit Plant Innate Immunity: Structure and Activity

Erbs, Gitte; Silipo, Alba; Aslam, Shazia; Castro, Cristina De; Liparoti, Valeria; Flagiello, Angela; Pucci, Piero; Lanzetta, Rosa; Parrilli, Michelangelo; Molinaro, Antonio; Newman, Mari‐Anne; Cooper, Richard M.

doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.03.017

Cited by 133 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The HPLC pattern for A. tumefaciens was rather more complex (Fig. S6) than previously reported using a different HPLC protocol (30). Individual peaks were collected and subjected first to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to identify the components eluting at each peak.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polar growth in the Alphaproteobacterial order Rhizobiales

Brown

Pedro

Kysela

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

202

254

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Elongation of many rod-shaped bacteria occurs by peptidoglycan synthesis at discrete foci along the sidewall of the cells. However, within the Rhizobiales, there are many budding bacteria, in which new cell growth is constrained to a specific region. The phylogeny of the Rhizobiales indicates that this mode of zonal growth may be ancestral. We demonstrate that the rod-shaped bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens grows unidirectionally from the new pole generated after cell division and has an atypical peptidoglycan composition. Polar growth occurs under all conditions tested, including when cells are attached to a plant root and under conditions that induce virulence. Finally, we show that polar growth also occurs in the closely related bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti , Brucella abortus , and Ochrobactrum anthropi . We find that unipolar growth is an ancestral and conserved trait among the Rhizobiales, which includes important mutualists and pathogens of plants and animals.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polar growth in the Alphaproteobacterial order Rhizobiales

Brown

Pedro

Kysela

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

202

254

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“…Infiltration into leaves of different PGN preparations results in the production of reactive oxygen intermediates and substantial reprogramming of the plant transcriptome, including enhanced expression of immune marker genes (18,19). For example, flagellin-induced receptor kinase FRK1 gene expression is significantly enhanced upon treatment with PGNs from Gram-negative Xanthomonas campestris pv.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4A, FRK1 marker gene expression was virtually abolished in both genotypes, suggesting that the Arabidopsis PGN perception system apparently does not discriminate between different PGN subtypes. Moreover, mixtures of soluble oligomeric PGN fragments have previously been shown to stimulate plant immune responses in Arabidopsis (18,19), suggesting that partially hydrolyzed ligands could potentially serve PRR-mediated immune activation. We now show that Arabidopsis senses soluble PGN fragments in a LYM1 LYM3 CERK1-dependent manner (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polymeric PGNs from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria or a mixture of oligomeric muropeptides derived thereof act as PAMPs in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (18,19). Our previous experiments suggested that the carbohydrate backbone of PGN is important for its immunogenic activity and that PGN is recognized in a receptor-mediated manner in Arabidopsis (19).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis lysin-motif proteins LYM1 LYM3 CERK1 mediate bacterial peptidoglycan sensing and immunity to bacterial infection

Willmann

Lajunen

Erbs

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Recognition of microbial patterns by host pattern recognition receptors is a key step in immune activation in multicellular eukaryotes. Peptidoglycans (PGNs) are major components of bacterial cell walls that possess immunity-stimulating activities in metazoans and plants. Here we show that PGN sensing and immunity to bacterial infection in Arabidopsis thaliana requires three lysin-motif (LysM) domain proteins. LYM1 and LYM3 are plasma membrane proteins that physically interact with PGNs and mediate Arabidopsis sensitivity to structurally different PGNs from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. lym1 and lym3 mutants lack PGN-induced changes in transcriptome activity patterns, but respond to fungus-derived chitin, a pattern structurally related to PGNs, in a wild-type manner. Notably, lym1, lym3, and lym3 lym1 mutant genotypes exhibit supersusceptibility to infection with virulent Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato DC3000. Defects in basal immunity in lym3 lym1 double mutants resemble those observed in lym1 and lym3 single mutants, suggesting that both proteins are part of the same recognition system. We further show that deletion of CERK1, a LysM receptor kinase that had previously been implicated in chitin perception and immunity to fungal infection in Arabidopsis, phenocopies defects observed in lym1 and lym3 mutants, such as peptidoglycan insensitivity and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection. Altogether, our findings suggest that plants share with metazoans the ability to recognize bacterial PGNs. However, as Arabidopsis LysM domain proteins LYM1, LYM3, and CERK1 form a PGN recognition system that is unrelated to metazoan PGN receptors, we propose that lineage-specific PGN perception systems have arisen through convergent evolution.

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“…15 PGN is an essential structural component of the bacterial cell wall and acts as a PAMP on Arabidopsis. 16,17 It is therefore plausible that PGN constitutes a ligand for any of the three LysM motifs of CERK1. To test this hypothesis, we purified Pto DC3000 PGN as described by Erbs et al 16 Both chitin and PGN induced ROS generation on Col-0 plants as expected (Fig.…”

Section: Cerk1 a Lysm Receptor Kinase Required For Fungal And Bactermentioning

confidence: 99%

The LysM receptor kinase CERK1 mediates bacterial perception in Arabidopsis

Giménez-Ibáñez

Ntoukakis

Rathjen

2009

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to perceive pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) and initiate defence responses. PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) plays an important role in general resistance, and constrains the growth of most microbes on plants. Despite the importance of PRRs in plant immunity, the vast majority of them remain to be identified. We recently showed that the Arabidopsis LysM receptor kinase CERK1 is required not only for chitin signalling and fungal resistance, but plays an essential role in restricting bacterial growth on plants. We proposed that CERK1 may mediate the perception of a bacterial PAMP, or an endogenous plant cell wall component released during infection, through its extracellular carbohydrate-binding LysM-motifs. Here we report reduced activation of a PAMP-induced defence response on plants lacking the CERK1 gene after treatment with crude bacterial extracts. This demonstrates that CERK1 mediates perception of an unknown bacterial PAMP in Arabidopsis.

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Peptidoglycan and Muropeptides from Pathogens Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas Elicit Plant Innate Immunity: Structure and Activity

Cited by 133 publications

References 51 publications

Polar growth in the Alphaproteobacterial order Rhizobiales

Polar growth in the Alphaproteobacterial order Rhizobiales

Arabidopsis lysin-motif proteins LYM1 LYM3 CERK1 mediate bacterial peptidoglycan sensing and immunity to bacterial infection

The LysM receptor kinase CERK1 mediates bacterial perception in Arabidopsis

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