Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications.

Schleifer, Karl Heinz; Kandler, Otto

doi:10.1128/mmbr.36.4.407-477.1972

Cited by 2,530 publications

(1,304 citation statements)

References 242 publications

(384 reference statements)

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“…Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, with N-acetylmuramic acid being the molecular signature for the presence of peptidoglycan [31]. Archaea are considerably more diverse in the composition of the cell wall; they lack peptidoglycan in any form, but instead, proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides cover the outside of the cell membrane [32].…”

Section: Cell-wall Synthesis Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of archaea to antimicrobial agents: applications to clinical microbiology

Khelaifia

Drancourt

2012

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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We herein review the state of knowledge regarding the in vitro and in vivo susceptibility of archaea to antimicrobial agents, including some new molecules. Indeed, some archaea colonizing the human microbiota have been implicated in diseases such as periodontopathy. Archaea are characterized by their broad-spectrum resistance to antimicrobial agents. In particular, their cell wall lacks peptidoglycan, making them resistant to antimicrobial agents interfering with peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Archaea are, however, susceptible to the protein synthesis inhibitor fusidic acid and imidazole derivatives. Also, squalamine, an antimicrobial agent acting on the cell wall, proved effective against human methanogenic archaea. In vitro susceptibility data could be used to design protocols for the decontamination of complex microbiota and the selective isolation of archaea in anaerobic culture.

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Section: Cell-wall Synthesis Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of archaea to antimicrobial agents: applications to clinical microbiology

Khelaifia

Drancourt

2012

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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“…One candidate is the PGN cross-linking peptide which is highly variable in theses species (Fig. 1) (Schleifer and Kandler, 1972). Another possibility is the presence of significant amounts of Glycine-substituted D -Glu at the second position of the stem-peptide in M. luteus PGN, but not other PGNs (Schleifer and Kandler, 1972).…”

Section: Bacterial Recognition In the Toll Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial recognition and signalling by the Drosophila IMD pathway

Kaneko

Silverman

2005

Cellular Microbiology

123

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SummaryInsects such as Drosophila rely entirely on innate immune responses to combat microbial pathogens. In particular, infection leads to the rapid and massive activation of anti-microbial peptide gene transcription. Drosophila utilize two NF-k k k k B signalling pathways to control anti-microbial peptide gene expression, the IMD and Toll pathways. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of bacterial recognition utilized by both these pathways, and in deciphering the mechanisms of intracellular signalling in the IMD pathway. In particular, the peptidoglycan recognition proteins play a critical role in recognizing and discriminating different types of bacterial pathogens, and then activating either the Toll or IMD pathway. Throughout the article, the similarities and differences between Drosophila and mammalian innate immune pathways are discussed.

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“…Experimental studies have tested the specificity of purified native endolysins against Gram-positive bacterial panels, mostly composed by multiple strains or species belonging to a single genus, and overall displaying an intra-genus specificity (Yoong et al, 2006;Park et al, 2012;Hojckova et al, 2013;Schmelcher et al, 2015). Contrarily, a novel endolysin against Acinetobacter have shown a broad activity spectrum against Gram-negative bacteria (Oliveira et al, 2016), which are known to share the A1γ chemotype (Schleifer and Kandler, 1972). More recently, engineered endolysins with altered specificity have been developed by shuffling their enzymatic active domain (EAD) and cell wall binding domains (CBD), or by changing their net charge, contributing to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying specificity (Low et al, 2011;Schmelcher et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2014;Yang et al, 2015;São-José, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity, specificity and molecular evolution of the lytic arsenal of Pseudomonas phages: in silico perspective

Valero-Rello¹

2019

Environmental Microbiology

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Summary Bacteriophages encode an arsenal of proteins to lyse bacteria by breaking their surface structures, constituting a promising alternative to antibiotics. However, the selection and bioengineering of endolysins and other phage lytic proteins need to be assisted by a previous knowledge of their molecular characteristics. In this study, all putative lytic proteins encoded in Pseudomonas phages were in silico examined to describe their diversity, host association and molecular evolution. A total of 491 proteins were identified among 223 phages, including endolysins, holins, pinholins, spanins, lipases and peptidases. Protein families and combination of functional domains were characteristic of phages belonging to the same genus, and these tended to infect a single host species. Clustering and phylogenetic analysis showed a protein grouping associated with bacterial host, and some functional domains being specific. Interestingly, most putative lytic proteins from phages infecting P. fluorescens and P. putida had negative net charges, opposed to most endolysins. Phage lifestyle also had an impact on protein variability, with transglycosylases, glucosaminidases, holins and spanins from lysogenic phages clustering into monophyletic nodes, suggesting the effect of a different selection pressure as a result of the co‐option of a new function in the lysogenized bacteria.

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Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications.

Cited by 2,530 publications

References 242 publications

Susceptibility of archaea to antimicrobial agents: applications to clinical microbiology

Susceptibility of archaea to antimicrobial agents: applications to clinical microbiology

Bacterial recognition and signalling by the Drosophila IMD pathway

Diversity, specificity and molecular evolution of the lytic arsenal of Pseudomonas phages: in silico perspective

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