“…Researchers have studied the social context of the ED environment and the potential effect on the management of pain with a recent emphasis on effect of ED overcrowding (Bernstein et al, 2009;Duignan & Dunn, 2009;Hwang, Richardson, Sonuyi, & Morrison, 2006;Hwang et al, 2008;Pines, Shofer, Isserman, Abbuhl, & Mills, 2010;Russo, 2010;Tanabe, 1996;Tanabe & Buschmann, 1999). Of those studies located, three quantitative studies measured ED nurses' perceived barriers to general pain management (Duignan & Dunn, 2009;Tanabe, 1996;Tanabe & Buschmann, 1999), four studies examined the effect of ED crowding on quality of pain care, analgesia in patients with back pain, the management of pain in older adults with hip fracture, and patients who presented at triage with severe pain (Hwang et al, 2006;Hwang et al, 2008;Pines & Hollander, 2008;Pines et al, 2010).…”