Perceived Benefits and Costs of Owning a Pet in a Megapolis: An Ecosystem Services Perspective

Abstract

Ongoing urbanization has led to a significant increase in the number of pets and has altered the relationships between pets and owners from primarily utilitarian to cultural (e.g., entertainment and health improvement). Existing classifications of ecosystem services (ES) (e.g., CICES) and nature’s contributions to people (NCP) explicitly consider only the ES provided by livestock and wild animals. This study attempted to translate perceived benefits and costs from owning pets (dogs or cats) in a megapolis into ES and disservices frameworks. The data were collected via an online questionnaire distributed through social media among residents of Moscow (Russia). The study showed that pets contribute to the well-being of city dwellers, for which owners are willing to put up with some potential risks and also bear monetary costs. Reasons for owning a pet have been translated into ES and NCPs ranging from regulating (4%) to provisioning (1%). However, cultural services linked to mental (26%) and physical (32%) health, spiritual, symbolic interaction (19%), and educational values (16%) have been the most prominent group. Considering an increase in pet owners, the interests and needs of this distinct stakeholder group need to be taken into account in urban planning and management. Pets’ integration into classifications and thus assessments of the urban ES can be a crucial step towards achieving this goal.

Animal welfare deserts: human and nonhuman animal inequities

“…Considering an increase in pet owners, the interests and needs of this distinct stakeholder group need to be taken into account in urban planning and management [( 11 ), p. 1)].…”

“…Pet ownership within urban areas has been growing around the world (10) making companion animals part of the urban ecosystem (11). Pet ownership also takes place at all income levels (12,13) and pets have been found to increase owner well-being to the extent that caretakers are willing to pay their attendant costs (11).…”

“…Pet ownership within urban areas has been growing around the world (10) making companion animals part of the urban ecosystem (11). Pet ownership also takes place at all income levels (12,13) and pets have been found to increase owner well-being to the extent that caretakers are willing to pay their attendant costs (11). But it has been noted that there is "a yawning divide between rich and poor pet owners that shows no signs of abating" (Khuly, 2017 cited in (14), p. 1,121).…”

Gastrointestinal helminth parasites of pets: Retrospective study at the veterinary teaching hospital, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

“…Pet owners feel emotionally happy as their pets help them to cope with stress and loneliness [3]. The increase in pet ownership can also be related to using pet animals in cultural services, such as dogs that are used for helping blind people to walk and pets used for pest control [4]. The increase in pet ownership is also related to cultural changes; the development of technical facilities such as pet harnesses and portable cages; and increased online purchasing availability.…”