Perceived Parental Control, Self-Criticism, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescents: Testing the Reciprocal Relationships by a Three-Wave Cross-Lag Model
Abstract:This study examined the prospective and reciprocal relationships among perceived parental control, self-criticism, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). We also examined the mediating effect of self-criticism in the relationship between perceived parental control and NSSI. We aimed to find out whether perceived parental control and self-criticism acted as risk factors for NSSI, or consequences of NSSI, or both. A group of 3,600 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 14.63 years, 56.6% female) completed questionnaires, … Show more
“…Western parents are more respectful of children’s personal choices and self-esteem, whereas Chinese parents tend to emphasize parental authority and more readily supervise their children’s behaviors ( Chao and Tseng, 2002 ). Therefore, Chinese parents employ more monitoring and restriction of their children’s behaviors when adolescents show problem behaviors such as excessive Internet use, whereas Western parents tend to increase parent–child communication, and provide more advice and support in helping their adolescents set rules ( Su et al, 2015 ; You et al, 2017 ). Moreover, Chinese adolescents who grow up in this traditional culture are more likely to accept their parents’ monitoring than are Western adolescents.…”
Although empirical studies have indicated that parents have an important role in preventing Internet gaming disorder in adolescents, longitudinal research on the parental predictors of Internet gaming disorder is lacking. We used a three-wave cross-lagged panel model to explore the reciprocal association between parental monitoring and Internet gaming disorder, and examined the different impacts of mother– and father–child relationships on this association. A sample of 1490 adolescents aged 10–15 years (M = 12.03, SD = 1.59; 45.4% female) completed assessments at all three points. The cross-lagged model revealed that (a) parental monitoring at T1 predicted lower Internet gaming disorder at T2, and greater Internet gaming disorder at T2 predicted lower parental monitoring at T3; (b) father–child relationship had a reciprocal, indirect effect on the relationship between parental monitoring and Internet gaming disorder, while mother–child relationship did not. These findings suggest that the parental effects (e.g., higher parental monitoring and better father–child relationship) might play a vital role in preventing Internet gaming disorder in adolescents.
“…Western parents are more respectful of children’s personal choices and self-esteem, whereas Chinese parents tend to emphasize parental authority and more readily supervise their children’s behaviors ( Chao and Tseng, 2002 ). Therefore, Chinese parents employ more monitoring and restriction of their children’s behaviors when adolescents show problem behaviors such as excessive Internet use, whereas Western parents tend to increase parent–child communication, and provide more advice and support in helping their adolescents set rules ( Su et al, 2015 ; You et al, 2017 ). Moreover, Chinese adolescents who grow up in this traditional culture are more likely to accept their parents’ monitoring than are Western adolescents.…”
Although empirical studies have indicated that parents have an important role in preventing Internet gaming disorder in adolescents, longitudinal research on the parental predictors of Internet gaming disorder is lacking. We used a three-wave cross-lagged panel model to explore the reciprocal association between parental monitoring and Internet gaming disorder, and examined the different impacts of mother– and father–child relationships on this association. A sample of 1490 adolescents aged 10–15 years (M = 12.03, SD = 1.59; 45.4% female) completed assessments at all three points. The cross-lagged model revealed that (a) parental monitoring at T1 predicted lower Internet gaming disorder at T2, and greater Internet gaming disorder at T2 predicted lower parental monitoring at T3; (b) father–child relationship had a reciprocal, indirect effect on the relationship between parental monitoring and Internet gaming disorder, while mother–child relationship did not. These findings suggest that the parental effects (e.g., higher parental monitoring and better father–child relationship) might play a vital role in preventing Internet gaming disorder in adolescents.
“…Specifically, studies among western samples (i.e., Belgian and US samples) found that adolescents' engagement in NSSI and other maladaptive behaviors was associated with a perception of a decreased amount of parental control [65,66], while a study among Chinese adolescents showed that engagement in NSSI was associated with an increase in perceived parental control [6]. Researchers explained that this inconsistency may reflect cultural differences in parenting and parent-child relationship [6]. According to Linehan [15], parenting and family environment may also affect one's emotional regulation ability.…”
Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies using all these scales to examine the relationship between emotional dysregulation and NSSI would be included in the present meta-analyses. relationships [6], self-directed negative emotions (e.g., shame and self-hatred) [7], and even suicide attempts [8,9]. Therefore, understanding the risk factors of NSSI has become an urgent task.…”
Section: Measurement Of Emotional Dysregulationmentioning
Emotion dysregulation is generally agreed to be an important risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). It is not clear, however, which aspects of emotional dysregulation are more strongly related to NSSI. This article aimed to present a meta-analytic review of the associations between the different dimensions of emotional dysregulation and NSSI. In total, 42 studies with 46 samples were included in the meta-analyses. Results showed that higher levels of emotional dysregulation in all eight dimensions (i.e., lack of emotional awareness, lack of emotional clarity, non-acceptance of emotional responses, limited access to effective emotional regulation strategies, difficulties controlling impulses when experiencing negative emotions, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing negative emotions, inability to express emotions, and emotional reactivity) were associated with increased risk of NSSI, with the strength of the associations between emotional reactivity and limited access to effective emotional regulation strategies and NSSI being the strongest. Moreover, NSSI measure type significantly moderated the association between limited access to emotional regulation strategies and NSSI. Findings of this review highlight some limitations of the existing literature, such as the use of cross-sectional designs, the inclusion of predominantly individuals from western countries, and the lack of examination of the mechanisms underlying the emotional regulation function of NSSI. These limitations represent important directions for future research.
“…Our findings suggested that an understanding of the conditions whereby someone finds suicide to be a more acceptable action, and his or her levels of mental health status might shed light on the risk of suicide in youth. More specifically, for teachers, school counsellors and social workers alike, intervention programmes such as life education and training as well as cognitive behaviour therapy (Calear et al ; You et al ) may be used to inculcate the value of life and to mitigate the impact of suicidal ideation that resulted from poorer mental health status. In this sample, we found that the prevalence rate of suicidal ideation was relatively high, which is close to 35.38%.Students with poorer mental health status may have greater suicidal ideation, whereas students with more favourable attitudes towards suicide may have greater suicidal ideation.The detrimental relationship between poorer mental health status and suicidal ideation might be worse when a student's attitudes towards suicide were favourable.This study provides some evidence that students with poorer mental health status might be more likely to report significantly more favourable attitudes towards suicide, which in turn lead to greater suicidal ideation.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Our findings suggested that an understanding of the conditions whereby someone finds suicide to be a more acceptable action, and his or her levels of mental health status might shed light on the risk of suicide in youth. More specifically, for teachers, school counsellors and social workers alike, intervention programmes such as life education and training as well as cognitive behaviour therapy (Calear et al 2016;You et al 2016) may be used to inculcate the value of life and to mitigate the impact of suicidal ideation that resulted from poorer mental health status.…”
These results have implications for the prevention of youth suicide, suggesting that mental health status and attitudes towards suicide could be important targets for prevention and intervention for children and adolescents at risk of suicidal ideation.
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