Perceived Parenting, Self‐Conscious Emotions, and Forgiveness in College Students

Abstract

The relations of parental warmth, self-conscious emotions, and forgiveness were investigated. University students completed self-report questionnaires online through the university-sponsored website. The questionnaires contained measures of five constructs: parental warmth, empathy, shame, self-forgiveness, and interpersonal forgiveness. From the results, the authors concluded that interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness were predicted by parental warmth, empathy, and shame. Empathy mediated the relation of parental warmth with interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness. Parental warmth and self-conscious emotions were important in the prediction of both interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness.

Childhood parental warmth and heart rate variability in midlife: Implications for health

“…The first limitation is the use of a retrospective measure of parental warmth, which may be subject to memory bias (Hardt & Rutter, 2004). However, due to the logistical constraints associated with longitudinal designs that span decades from childhood into middle/older age when chronic diseases begin to manifest, retrospective measurements are frequently utilized for investigating the long‐term outcomes associated with parenting characteristics (Rothrauff, Cooney, & An, 2009; Wright, Turner, & McCarty, 2017). Stability of retrospective reports over time (Silva & Maia, 2013) and modest but significant associations between observational and later retrospective measures of parenting (Newbury et al, 2018) provide some support for the validity of retrospective methods.…”

Childhood Parental Warmth and Heart Rate Variability in Midlife: Implications for Health

“…The first limitation is the use of a retrospective measure of parental warmth, which may be subject to memory bias (Hardt & Rutter, 2004). However, due to the logistical constraints associated with longitudinal designs that span decades from childhood into middle/older age when chronic diseases begin to manifest, retrospective measurements are frequently utilized for investigating the long-term outcomes associated with parenting characteristics (Rothrauff, Cooney, & An, 2009;Wright, Turner, & McCarty, 2017). Stability of retrospective reports over time (Silva & Maia, 2013) and modest but significant associations between observational and later retrospective measures of parenting (Newbury et al, 2018) provide some support for the validity of retrospective methods.…”

Parental Warmth and Interpersonal Empathy as Predictors of Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Efficacy

“…Parenting is likely to affect children’s development in numerous ways that relate to bystander intervention. For example, research documents the relation of parenting to children’s empathy (Koestner, Franz, & Weinberger, 1990; Wright, Turner, & McCarty, 2017; Zhou et al, 2002); empathy has also been documented as an important correlate of bystander intervention (Abbott & Cameron, 2014). To improve our understanding of bystanders who are likely to intervene, this study is designed to measure perceptions of parenting factors that may be related to empathy and the tendency to intervene.…”

“…Although a link between parental warmth and bystander intervention for sexual assault has not been established in the literature, a link between parental factors and prosocial behavior exists (Carlo, Mestre, Samper, Tur, & Armenta, 2011). Also, evidence linking parental warmth to empathy is quite strong (Koestner et al, 1990; Wright et al, 2017; Zhou et al, 2002). Barnett, Howard, King, and Dino (1980) posited that empathy is most likely to develop within the child who is situated within a family environment wherein the child’s emotional needs are met, the child is allowed to express a vast array of emotions, and the child has the opportunity to interact with people who themselves encourage emotional sensitivity and responsiveness.…”