Perceived racial discrimination in the workplace: considering minority supervisory representation and inter-minority relations

Structural Racism in the Federal Workplace: An Intersectional Approach to Examining Race-Based Discrimination in Law Enforcement

“…Likewise, gender comparisons between men and women of color are made. This approach supports the reality that each minority race or ethnic subgroup do not convey the same workplace experiences as White officers or other minority subgroups (Breslin, Pandey, and Riccucci 2017;Lee 2020;Nelson and Piatak 2021;Yu 2022a). Thus, the purpose of this study is to answer the following research questions.…”

“…Up to this point, nearly all the research on race-based discrimination in policing has focused on Black/Afri-can American officers, with Hispanics/Latinos, Asians, and other minority subgroups receiving very little to no consideration (e.g., Carter 1986;Gallardo 2020;Gau, Paoline, and Roman 2021;Holder, Nee, and Ellis 2000;Schroedel et al 1994;Yu 2022b). While there is basis for this targeted approach-for example, criminal justice reform initiatives such as President Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967) and President Obama's Task Force on 21st Century Policing (2015) were both enacted during periods of crisis between the police and the Black communities, respectively and concentrated on improving racial diversity in the police force with Black/African American officers (Skogan 2018)-race-based discrimination can extend to all race or ethnic subgroups, although research found that racial minorities were more likely to perceive workplace discrimination than White employees (Alteri 2020;Bradbury, Battaglio, and Crum 2010;Lee 2020;McCord et al 2018;Ortega et al 2012;Triana, Del Carmen, and Pieper 2015;Yu 2022a). For example, Carter (1986) and Gallardo (2020) reported in their studies on Hispanic police officers' workplace environment that race-based discrimination was prevalent throughout the department's recruitment, hiring, and promotion practices and this negatively impacted non-White officers.…”

Impact of minority perceived discrimination on resistance to innovation and moderating role of psychological distress: Evidence from ethnic minority students of China

“…Students' population composition changes the dynamics of experience of discrimination, however, the results from different studies remain inconclusive (Benner and Graham, 2013 ). It is implied that ethnic composition is a core variable to understand the relationship between the multicultural education system and ethnic discrimination (Lee, 2022 ). Research suggests that teachers tend to remain more present-minded in a multicultural class where the number of ethnic students is higher as compared to a class where this number is relatively lower (Agirdag et al, 2016 ).…”

“…Frequent discrimination even if it is perceived discrimination is considered a significant and critical source of anxiety and unease (Sanders Thompson, 2006 ). Even though, the perception of unfair treatment that is subtle but influential causes stress particularly if it occurs at regular intervals or frequently (Lee, 2022 ). Everyday discrimination is even more stressful given its frequency and can lead to chronic stress.…”

Government Employees’ Experience and Expectation of COVID-19 Hardships: The Moderating Role of Gender and Race in the United States

“…First, the public sector has a historical role in enhancing employment equity by providing job opportunities to less-advantaged populations, and therefore any efforts to staff public bureaucracies representative of the public have been a key concern in the field of public management and administration (Llorens et al, 2008). That is why scholars and researchers have continuously tackled issues of gender and racial discrimination within the public sector (Lee, 2020). Second, policy experts have highlighted public sector compensation as an important public policy issue (Guajardo, 2020).…”