Perceived Risk and Distress related to COVID-19: Comparing Healthcare versus non-Healthcare Workers of Pakistan

Abid, Adeel; Shahzad, Hira; Khan, Hyder Ali; Piryani, Suneel; Khan, Areeba Raza; Rabbani, Fauziah

doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.20218297

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This is in line with the assumption that negative perceptions of individuals negatively affect business outcomes when the employee believes the environment as inappropriate for work. Thus, this confirms the negative psychological and physical effects developed by the health staff dealing with patients of Covid-19 in the health sector (see: Abid et al, 2020;Flesia et al, 2020;Zandi et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Our results show a positive impact of Covid-19 on perceived stress experienced by medical workers dealing with Covid-19 virus. The nature of this disease is frightful enough to make medical workers stressed and anxious while dealing with it directly in workplace (Abid et al, 2020 ; Qureshi et al, 2020 ). The pandemic has caused stress among medical workers both at work and off work, especially, when they are conscious of the fact that there are higher chances that they might not only contract the virus but may also become the source of transmitting it to their immediate family members (see: Nanjundaswamy et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The perceived stress during a Covid-19 epidemic in Pakistan is discussed with mental health and emotional (Nanjundaswamy, Pathak, & Chaturvedi, 2020 ), psychological impact (Qureshi et al, 2020 ), level of knowledge, attitude, practice (Jawed, Manazir, Zehra, & Riaz, 2020 ), employees’ commitment (Zandi, Shahzad, Farrukh, & Kot, 2020 ), and psychological distress (Abid et al, 2020 ). We believe that most studies were limited to detection or diagnosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Encountering Covid-19 and perceived stress and the role of a health climate among medical workers

et al. 2021

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Due to the outbreak of Covid-19 epidemic, work stress among health sector employees has risen too high. The study aims at determining the effect of the current coronavirus epidemic in the form of stress perceived among the medical workers in Pakistan and to discover the moderating role played by a healthy climate in offsetting it. The data was collected from 255 medical workers through a self-administered online questionnaire. Multiple Hierarchical Regression was used as a tool to test the hypotheses of the study. The results obtained indicate a correlation between the pandemic and the stress caused by it among the health workers, whereas, the role of a wholesome climate in the reduction of stress among them was found lacking. Sub-hypotheses indicate that the healthy environment provided by supervisors is effective in reducing the impact of workers' handling of the Covid-19 epidemic and perceived stress, while the healthy environment provided by hospitals in general or by workgroups fails to cause such positive change. This revelation necessitates the adoption of compulsory precautionary measures on the part of relevant authorities, because increase in stress caused by the pandemic can prove more lethal than the pandemic itself. The threat of the coronavirus pandemic has emerged as a massive socio-economic challenge for the global community, especially for the developing countries like Pakistan which faces serious socio-economic challenges in the current scenario. On account of the similarity of situations, the results obtained through this study can be safely generalized to other developing countries, particularly from the South Asian region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Encountering Covid-19 and perceived stress and the role of a health climate among medical workers

et al. 2021

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“…Perceived JS at the time of the COVID-19 outbreak in China has been linked with psychological health and emotional wellbeing [ 17 ], psychological impact [ 18 ], level of knowledge, attitude, practice [ 19 ], employees’ commitment [ 20 ], and psychological distress [ 21 ]. However, we identified that most of the existing studies have been limited to the sources, discovery or diagnosis of stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the Relationship between COVID-19 Related Job Stress and Employees’ Turnover Intention with the Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support: Evidence from SMEs in China

Lai

Hossin

Li³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The outbreak of COVID-19 has exerted an enormous impact on society, enterprises, and individuals. It has affected the work attitudes and psychology of employees to a certain extent and their job stress (JS) has also augmented accordingly, leading to increased turnover intention (TI). With the survey responses of 720 employees of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in China as the sample, we studied the impact of COVID-19 related JS and TI with the moderating effect of perceived organizational support (POS). We utilized linear and multiple regression analysis using Windows SPSS 25. The research findings indicated that the JS caused by COVID-19 in the first affected region (Hubei) was significantly stronger than that in other regions (non-Hubei). JS had a significant positive relationship with employees’ TI, while POS had a significant negative connection with employees’ TI. We also identified that POS weakened the positive association between JS and employees’ TI. These findings are expected to be conducive to and conductive for the upcoming theoretical and empirical investigations as the founding guidelines, as well as for managers in formulating effective policies to curb JS, which would ultimately be helpful in reducing TI.

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The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers’ Anxiety Levels: A Meta-Analysis (Preprint)

Zhang¹,

Yan²,

Takashima³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has been declared a public health emergency of international concern; this has caused excessive anxiety among health care workers. In addition, publication bias and low-quality publications have become widespread, which can result in the dissemination of unreliable findings. OBJECTIVE This paper presents the protocol for a meta-analysis with the following two aims: (1) to examine the prevalence of anxiety among health care workers and determine whether it has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) to investigate whether there has been an increase in publication bias. METHODS All related studies that were published/released from 2015 to 2020 will be searched in electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, PsyArXiv, and medRxiv). The risk of bias in individual studies will be assessed using the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) checklist. The heterogeneity of the studies will be assessed using the I2 statistic. The effect size (prevalence rates of anxiety) and a 95% CI for each paper will also be calculated. We will use a moderator analysis to test for the effect of COVID-19 on health care workers’ anxiety levels and detect publication bias in COVID-19 studies. We will also assess publication bias using the funnel plot and Egger regression. In case of publication bias, if studies have no homogeneity, the trim-and-fill procedure will be applied to adjust for missing studies. RESULTS The pooled meta-analysis prevalence was 35.3% (95% CI: 32.2%−38.4%). The moderator analysis revealed no significant difference between articles related to COVID-19 and those unrelated to COVID-19 (p = 0.831). Moreover, no significant difference was found between articles related to COVID-19 and preprints (p = 0.981). Significant heterogeneity was found in each subgroup. Egger’s tests revealed publication bias in articles related to COVID-19 and preprints (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study found no significant differences in the effect sizes (prevalence of anxiety) between studies related and those unrelated to COVID-19. Concluding whether the anxiety state of health care workers is altered by the COVID-19 pandemic currently is difficult. However, we have strong evidence that their anxiety levels are always high, although this could also be a false positive caused by a large publication bias. Moreover, without comparing the results with those of non-healthcare workers, we cannot be sure that their anxiety is particularly high. The present study highlights the need to generalize valid and reliable measurements to more accurately examine health care workers’ anxiety in the future. Furthermore, we found a large publication bias in studies; however, the quality of the studies is relatively stable and reliable. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.2196/24136

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Perceived Risk and Distress related to COVID-19: Comparing Healthcare versus non-Healthcare Workers of Pakistan

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Encountering Covid-19 and perceived stress and the role of a health climate among medical workers

Encountering Covid-19 and perceived stress and the role of a health climate among medical workers

Examining the Relationship between COVID-19 Related Job Stress and Employees’ Turnover Intention with the Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support: Evidence from SMEs in China

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers’ Anxiety Levels: A Meta-Analysis (Preprint)

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