“…ACEs could potentially cause negative health consequences later in life, where they influence individuals' health and life (Hughes et al, 2017; Waehrer et al, 2020). For example, ACEs can cause physiological disorders (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, and cancer) and psychological disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety) (Alhowaymel et al, 2021; Herzog & Schmahl, 2018; Hughes et al, 2017; Kalmakis et al, 2022). ACEs are not specific to particular people or geographical areas; they affect developing and developed countries, including men and women, individuals, families, and communities (Alhowaymel et al, 2021).…”