Perceiving Discrimination Against One’s Gender Group has Different Implications for Well-Being in Women and Men

Abstract

Using structural equation modeling, we tested theoretical predictions concerning the effects of perceived discrimination against one's gender on psychological well-being in women and men. Results were highly supportive of the rejection-identification model, with perceptions of discrimination harming psychological well-being among women, but not among men. Our results also support the rejection-identification model's prediction that women partially cope with the negative well-being consequences of perceived discrimination by increasing identification with women as a group. In contrast, perceived discrimination was unrelated to group identification among men. We found no support for the hypothesis that perceptions of discrimination have self-protective properties among the disadvantaged. Results are consistent with our contention that the differential effects of perceived discrimination among women and men are due to differences in the groups' relative positions within the social structure.

The Relationship between of Perceived Discrimination and Social Identity: A study on the Turkish and Kurdish Ethnic Groups

“…Bu sonuç, araştırmanın kuramsal arka planını oluşturan SKK'nın gruplar arası ilişkilere getirdiği açıklamalar ve konuyla ilgili yapılan çalışmalarla tutarlılık göstermektedir (Branscombe, Schmitt ve Harvey, 1999;Garstka, Schmitt, Branscombe ve Hummert, 2004;Jetten, Schmitt ve Branscombe, 2012;Schmitt, Branscombe, Kobrynowicz, ve Owen, 2002). Türkiye'de farklı örneklem gruplarıyla yapılan çalışmalarda da benzer sonuçlar bulunmuştur (Çoymak, 2009;Güler, 2013;Karaçanta, 2002;Tuzkaya ve Cingöz-Ulu, 2012).…”

“…Bu çıkarımı destekleyen ve dezavantajlı grup kimlikleri nedeniyle ayrımcılığa uğrayan gruplara üye bireylerin, iç-gruplarıyla daha yüksek düzeyde özdeşleşme gösterdiklerine dair çalışmalar mevcuttur. Örneğin; yapılan bazı çalışmalarda, Afro-Amerikalıların (Branscombe, Schmitt ve Harvey, 1999;Molina, Phillips ve Sidanius, 2015), Latinlerin (Molina, Phillips ve Sidanius, 2015), kadınların (Schmitt, Branscombe, Kobrynowicz, ve Owen, 2002) ve yaşlıların (Garstka, Schmitt, Branscombe ve Hummert, 2004) iç-gruplarıyla daha yüksek düzeyde özdeşleşme gösterdikleri bulunmuştur.…”

The Dynamic Nature of Coping with Gender Discrimination: Appraisals, Strategies and Well-being Over Time

“…Instead, the experiences and effects of discrimination are most often examined in experimental paradigms, whereby a lab simulation of discrimination is portrayed to participants (Foster, 2001;Foster & Tsarfati, 2005;Kaiser, Major & McCoy, 2004;Mallet & Swim, 2005;Schmitt, Branscombe & Postmes, 2003) or it is examined at one point in time with questionnaires (e.g., Branscombe et al, 1999;Clark, 2006;Eccleston & Major, 2006;Foster, 2000;Lightsey & Barnes, 2007;Kaiser & Miller, 2004;Peters, 2006;Schmitt, Branscombe, Kobrynowicz & Owen, 2002;Scott & House, 2005). Indeed, such methodologies are important for clarifying causation and how the recall of past events can currently affect us.…”

Supplemental Material for Parameter Uncertainty in Structural Equation Models: Confidence Sets and Fungible Estimates

“…We only report parameter estimates in this document. The last example by Schmitt, Branscombe, Kobrynowicz, and Owen (2002) is presented in detail for two reasons: (a) to serve as an additional empirical example illustrating the computation and interpretation of confidence sets (CSs) and fungible parameter estimate (FPE) contours, and (b) the targeted illustration made use of this example to determine population generating models.In all four examples, the covariance structure can be expressed aswhere Λ is the matrix of standardized factor loadings, D is a diagonal matrix of manifest variable standard deviations, and Φ is the correlation matrix of the latent variables implied by the standard path coefficients among them. The diagonal matrix Ψ of the standardized unique variances are functions of the other parameters rather than independent parameters.…”

“…We only report parameter estimates in this document. The last example by Schmitt, Branscombe, Kobrynowicz, and Owen (2002) is presented in detail for two reasons: (a) to serve as an additional empirical example illustrating the computation and interpretation of confidence sets (CSs) and fungible parameter estimate (FPE) contours, and (b) the targeted illustration made use of this example to determine population generating models.…”