Perceiving others’ personalities: Examining the dimensionality, assumed similarity to the self, and stability of perceiver effects.

Srivastava, Sanjay; Guglielmo, Steve; Beer, Jennifer S.

doi:10.1037/a0017057

Cited by 143 publications

(206 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…It is worth noting that the stability of perceiver effects reported here was higher than the stabilities of .20 to .50 reported in past studies (Malloy et al, 1995;Srivastava et al, 2010). The most likely reason for this discrepancy is undoubtedly that latent stabilities were reported here, which correspond to expected stability of perceiver effects if we had averaged a large number of ratings of others.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…One of the most common ways that investigators have attempted to understand the dispositional correlates of perceiver effects is to correlate participants' perceiver effect estimates with participants' own self-judgments on the same dimension (e.g., Kenny, 1994;Srivastava, Guglielmo, & Beer, 2010). In other words, researchers have examined whether people tend to see others the same way they see themselves.…”

Section: Beyond Assumed Similarity: the Dispositional Correlates Of Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceiver effects as projective tests: What your perceptions of others say about you.

Wood¹,

Harms²,

Vazire³

2010

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

171

182

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In 3 studies, we document various properties of perceiver effects-or how an individual generally tends to describe other people in a population. First, we document that perceiver effects have consistent relationships with dispositional characteristics of the perceiver, ranging from self-reported personality traits and academic performance to well-being and measures of personality disorders, to how liked the person is by peers. Second, we document that the covariation in perceiver effects among trait dimensions can be adequately captured by a single factor consisting of how positively others are seen across a wide range of traits (e.g., how nice, interesting, trustworthy, happy, and stable others are generally seen). Third, we estimate the 1-year stability of perceiver effects and show that individual differences in the typical perception of others have a level of stability comparable to that of personality traits. The results provide compelling evidence that how individuals generally perceive others is a stable individual difference that reveals much about the perceiver's own personality. Keywords: person perception, perceiver effect, perceiver biases, rating biasWe do not see the world as it is, we see the world as we are.-The Talmud We are what we think. All that we are arises with our thoughts. With our thoughts, we make our world.-The BuddhaGiven that observer reports are usually collected to learn about the target rather than the person providing the rating, tendencies for raters to judge the same target differently are generally regarded as perceiver bias, or scale-use bias, and considered nuisance variance to be removed or minimized to the extent possible (Hoyt, 2000). However, we can also invert the usual use of observer reports and see what observer reports reveal about the raters. Indeed, numerous theorists have suggested that raters' perceptions of others are one of the most important determinants of their behavior (e.g.,

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Beyond Assumed Similarity: the Dispositional Correlates Of Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceiver effects as projective tests: What your perceptions of others say about you.

Wood¹,

Harms²,

Vazire³

2010

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

171

182

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Specifically, SOs tend to rate participants high or low on all scales, with little differentiation between constructs, which is a well-known source of bias in informant reports of personality constructs (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Srivastava, Guglielmo, & Beer, 2010). This finding may reflect the relatively limited information available to SOs for rating participants, because SOs cannot report on participants’ internal experiences unless they are overtly expressed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preoccupied Attachment and Emotional Dysregulation: Specific Aspects of Borderline Personality Disorder or General Dimensions of Personality Pathology?

Scott¹,

Kim²,

Nolf³

et al. 2013

Journal of Personality Disorders

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Emotional dysregulation and impaired attachment are seen by many clinical researchers as central aspects of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Alternatively, these constructs may represent general impairments in personality that are nonspecific to BPD. Using multitrait-multimethod models, we examined the strength of associations among preoccupied attachment, difficulties with emotion regulation, BPD features, and features of two other personality disorders (i.e., antisocial and avoidant) in a combined psychiatric outpatient and community sample of adults. Results suggested that preoccupied attachment and difficulties with emotion regulation shared strong positive associations with each other and with each of the selected personality disorders. However, preoccupied attachment and emotional dysregulation were more strongly related to BPD features than to features of other personality disorders. Our findings suggest that although impairments in relational and emotional domains may underlie personality pathology in general, preoccupied attachment and emotional dysregulation also have specificity for understanding core difficulties in those with BPD.

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“…Psychological models suggest that one way we evaluate a new person is through the correction of self-projection, that is, by drawing on self-representation to the extent it is perceived as applicable to the new person (i.e., assumed similarity: Nickerson, 1999; Epley et al, 2004; Srivastava et al, 2010). Does DMPFC modulation reflect the corrective adjustment processes that are engaged to the extent that a new person is evaluated as dissimilar to the self?…”

Section: A New Conceptualization Of the Role Of Mpfc In Social Cognitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This explanation stems from psychological models of person evaluation which suggest that people use themselves as a starting point and correct as needed to evaluate unknown others (Nickerson, 1999; Epley et al, 2004; Srivastava et al, 2010). So if you encounter someone who shares your political orientation and you have to evaluate their position on a particular issue, you are likely to use your own experience to evaluate the person’s position.…”

Section: A New Conceptualization Of the Role Of Mpfc In Social Cognitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Ways in Which Midline Regions Contribute to Self-Evaluation

Flagan¹,

Beer²

2013

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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An integration of existing research and newly conducted psychophysiological interaction (PPI) connectivity analyses suggest a new framework for understanding the contribution of midline regions to social cognition. Recent meta-analyses suggest that there are no midline regions that are exclusively associated with self-processing. Whereas medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is broadly modulated by self-processing, subdivisions within MPFC are differentially modulated by the evaluation of close others (ventral MPFC: BA 10/32) and the evaluation of other social targets (dorsal MPFC: BA 9/32). The role of DMPFC in social cognition may also be less uniquely social than previously thought; it may be better characterized as a region that indexes certainty about evaluation rather than previously considered social mechanisms (i.e., correction of self-projection). VMPFC, a region often described as an important mediator of socioemotional significance, may instead perform a more cognitive role by reflecting the type of information brought to bear on evaluations of people we know well. Furthermore, the new framework moves beyond MPFC and hypothesizes that two other midline regions, ventral anterior cingulate cortex (VACC: BA 25) and medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC: BA 11), aid motivational influences on social cognition. Despite the central role of motivation in psychological models of self-perception, neural models have largely ignored the topic. Positive connectivity between VACC and MOFC may mediate bottom-up sensitivity to information based on its potential for helping us evaluate ourselves or others the way we want. As connectivity becomes more positive with striatum and less positive with middle frontal gyrus (BA 9/44), MOFC mediates top-down motivational influences by adjusting the standards we bring to bear on evaluations of ourselves and other people.

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Perceiving others’ personalities: Examining the dimensionality, assumed similarity to the self, and stability of perceiver effects.

Cited by 143 publications

References 73 publications

Perceiver effects as projective tests: What your perceptions of others say about you.

Perceiver effects as projective tests: What your perceptions of others say about you.

Preoccupied Attachment and Emotional Dysregulation: Specific Aspects of Borderline Personality Disorder or General Dimensions of Personality Pathology?

Three Ways in Which Midline Regions Contribute to Self-Evaluation

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