“…As government authorities increasingly recognize that converting brownfields into alternative land-use supplies effectively conserves land resources, a broader and more profound connection has been established between brownfields and cities or communities [ [107] , [108] ] (spatial science and social theory). Real-world brownfield greening projects should not only consider ecosystem service values but also factor in cost-effectiveness for a holistic assessment of broader benefits [ [109] , [110] , [111] , [112] ], which involves evaluating its priority utilization value and sequence from economic, ecological, and societal perspectives [ 113 ], and preemptively constructing an assessment framework of ecosystem service value for post-greening brownfields from a systemic standpoint [ 53 ]. For instance, developed multi-criteria decision analysis prioritization tools (MCDA) [ [114] , [115] ] based on a sustainable development framework have re-evaluated multi-scale brownfield vulnerable areas, risk assessments, and regeneration potential and value [ 114 , [116] , [117] , [118] , [119] , [120] , [121] , [122] , [123] , [124] , [125] , [126] ] from different angles.…”