Perception of glycerol carbonate as green chemical: Synthesis and applications

Enhancing Sustainable Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from Palm Oil Using Bio-Based Heterogeneous Catalyst: Process Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis

“…Biodiesel production involves various costs, including those of raw materials, − products, , and utilities. , These costs can vary, depending on the availability and price of the raw materials in the market (Table ). Utility costs are another important aspect of biodiesel production.…”

Glycerol and microwave-assisted catalysis: recent progress in batch and flow devices

“…The transformation reaction of glycerol 3 with CO 2 is a very attractive and sustainable route to valorize these two abundant residues, in a product with high added value as glycerol carbonate which offers several environmental and economic advantages. 100…”

“…carbonylation with CO and CO 2 , glycerolysis of urea and transesterification with organic carbonates. 100 Glycerolysis of urea is an important route of glycerol transformation into carbonate 6 . In the work of Zhang et al , 101 the synthesis of carbonate 6 from polyol 3 and urea (molar ratio of urea to 3 , 1 : 1) was carried out at 150 °C for 100 min under MW irradiation without solvent and using ZnSO 4 (2.8 mol%) as the catalyst.…”

Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate in Solventless Liquid One Phase Conditions: Role of Reaction Medium Engineering on Catalytic Performance

“…Glycerol carbonate (GC) is a highly valuable product derived from glycerol, considered a “green chemistry” product due to its numerous benefits in various fields. ,– The transesterification of glycerol with alkyl or cyclic carbonates is a useful method for producing GC. Among these methods, the reaction of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate is commonly used. ,, As an alternative, the reaction with ethylene carbonate (EC) offers high substrate reactivity, producing valuable byproducts like ethylene glycol. ,– To maximize product concentration, conversion, productivity, and atom efficiency, and to minimize excess carbonate, solvent waste, and subproduct formation (high selectivity), careful catalyst design and reaction medium engineering are necessary. ,– In particular, reaction medium engineering is crucial to minimize solvent usage and maximize product concentration during GC production. , The thermomorphic properties of the ethylene carbonate-glycerol mixture offer an advantage since the mixture transitions from monophasic to biphasic systems depending on the temperature. To perform this process in the biphasic regime, which takes place below 76 °C, requires cosolvents that can dissolve both substrates, as widely reported in the literature, employing both chemical – and biological catalysis. ,,– Enzyme catalysis has been explored in these cosolvent-based monophasic systems at temperatures under 76 °C but, mainly, the researchers employed dimethyl carbonate as a reagent. ,,– This approach proceeds with long reaction times (>24 h) and produces only moderate concentrations of GC (<1 M).…”

“…Among these methods, the reaction of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate is commonly used. 12,15,16 As an alternative, the reaction with ethylene carbonate (EC) offers high substrate reactivity, producing valuable byproducts like ethylene glycol. 15,18−20 To maximize product concentration, conversion, productivity, and atom efficiency, and to minimize excess carbonate, solvent waste, and subproduct formation (high selectivity), careful catalyst design and reaction medium engineering are necessary.…”