Perception of Nigeria university athletes about performance-enhancing substances and drug testing

Using Control Balance Theory to Examine Sports Doping Among Professional Athletes in Iran

“…While some researchers have investigated athletes’ PED use taking a more macro approach (e.g., Russell & Browne, 2018), many studies have focused on individual explanations (e.g., Chan et al, 2015). These include such factors as moral disengagement (Ring & Kavussanu, 2018b), morality and perceived benefits (Boardley et al, 2014), peer influence (Kabiri et al, 2018b), positive attitudes toward PED use (Goulet, Valois, Buist, & Cote, 2010), low self-control (Kabiri et al, 2018a), and internal motivations (Ijadunola et al, 2018). While no study to date has examined the applicability of control balance theory within sports doping, these previous studies demonstrate the utility of psychosocial factors.…”

“…As it relates to the elements of the theory (Tittle, 2004), an athlete’s control imbalance should prove to be useful in predicting doping behavior. With respect to motivation, an athlete’s drive to prove himself or herself (to, for example, a coach, the fans, teammates), to gain a fixed position in the team, and to enhance their control over the sport environment increases the possibility of engaging in PED use due to a perceived control deficit (e.g., Chan et al, 2014; Ijadunola et al, 2018). Moreover, environmental provocations (e.g., an unstable position in the team, coaches’ lack of trust of the athlete) can cause an athlete to become more aware of his or her control deficit.…”

A Multitheoretical Framework for Assessing Performance-Enhancing Drug Use: Examining the Utility of Self-Control, Social Learning, and Control Balance Theories

“…To date, there have been several self-report studies from a wide variety of perspectives examining PED usage in sports, covering athletes from a number of Western and non-Western countries. Research has examined factors like moral disengagement (Ring & Kavussanu, 2018), attitudes toward PED use (Goulet, Valois, Buist, & Côté, 2010; Saati Asr, Bashirian, Heidari Moghadam, Barati, & Moeini, 2018), pressure from others (Ijadunola et al, 2018; Kabiri et al, 2018), and the role of perceived benefits and role models (Boardley, Grix, & Dewar, 2014). In addition, some researchers have applied criminological concepts to explore PED use, including low self-control (Chan et al, 2015; Kabiri et al, 2018), deterrence (Kabiri et al, 2018), and associations with delinquent peers (Kabiri et al, 2018).…”