Perception of odors of simple pyrazines by young and elderly subjects: A multidimensional analysis

Schiffman, Susan S.; Leffingwell, John C.

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(81)90362-2

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Although substantial numbers of human studies have suggested that functional olfactory deficits increase with age and age-related illnesses (see, e.g., Schiffman, 1979;Schiffman and Leffingwell, 1981;Perl et al, 1992;Ship and Weiffenbach, 1993;Nordin et al, 1996;Moberg and Raz, 1997;Hoffman et al, 1998;Hummel et al, 1998;Larsson and Backman, 1998;Murphy et al, 1998;Geisler et al, 1999;Lehrner et al, 1999;Rolls, 1999), relatively little work has described the normal aging process in animal models. Research from one laboratory (Hinds and McNelly, 1977, 1979Kaplan et al, 1985) suggests large age-related changes in rats from 3 to 36 months.…”

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confidence: 98%

Comparative study of aging in the mouse olfactory bulb

Mirich

Williams

Berlau

et al. 2002

J of Comparative Neurology

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Gene knockout technologies have been used to elevate the mouse as a model species. However, little work has examined age and strain differences in the mouse olfactory system. The present study compared the olfactory bulbs of mature (6 month) and aged (24 month) males of BALB/cBy, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2 strains. Volumes of the glomerular (GLM), external plexiform (EPL), and mitral/granule cell (MIG) layers varied little from strain to strain. Volume measurements increased with age even when corrected for body weight differences. Two nonoverlapping interneuron populations were examined with immunohistochemistry. Staining for the calcium binding protein calretinin varied little between strains, but age-related increases in staining were seen in EPL of C57BL/6J mice. Typical patterns of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity were observed in all subjects except for old DBA/2 mice, which evidenced considerable staining in submitral areas. Age-related increases were observed in BALB/cBy and DBA/2 mice but not in the C57BL/6J strain. Glial fibrillary acidic protein staining was similar in old BALB/cBy and DBA/2 mice, with astrocytes in all layers of the bulb, but more concentrated in the MIG. However, C57BL/6J tissue revealed very large astrocytes relatively evenly distributed in all layers. Cell proliferation dropped dramatically with age. Labeled cells could still be observed along the lateral ventricles, but very few were observed within the rostral migratory stream or subventricular zone. Although TUNEL labeling revealed many apoptotic figures in the granule cell layer of young subjects, almost no staining was seen in aged mice.

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confidence: 98%

Comparative study of aging in the mouse olfactory bulb

Mirich

Williams

Berlau

et al. 2002

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…This shows up in higher detection thresholds (for reviews of numerous studies see Murphy, 1986;Schiffman, 1979), diminished suprathreshold intensity (Stevens, Bartoshuk, & Cain, 1984;Stevens & Cain, 1985Stevens, Plantinga, & Cain, 1982), impaired ability to identify and discriminate odors (Doty et al, 1984;Schemper, Voss, & Cain, 1981;Schiffman & Leffingwell, 1981), and impaired ability to identify foods (Murphy, 1985;Schiffman, 1977). Second, the cause or causes of age-related hyposmia are still undetermined.…”

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confidence: 99%

Smelling via the mouth: Effect of aging

Stevens

Cain

1986

Perception & Psychophysics

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A group of 20 elderly subjects (67-83 years old) and a group of 20 young subjects (18-24 years old) made magnitude estimations of NaCI and ethyl butyrate solutions, orally sampled, first with the nose unpinched, then with the nose pinched shut to prevent the airborne (volatile) molecules from reaching the olfactory receptors via the nasopharynx. In the concentrations studied, ethyl butyrate had weak taste, strong odor. On the basis of earlier work, which has shown widespread age-related hyposmia, it was hypothesized that pinching the nose would lower the perceived intensity of ethyl butyrate more in young than in old subjects. In order to discount individual inclinations to use large or small numbers, the NaCI estimations were used to normalize the ethyl butyrate estimations. It then became clear that the average young subject perceived the overall intensity of ethyl butyrate solutions to be much stronger with the nose unpinched; for the elderly, in contrast, it made little difference whether the nose was pinched or unpinched. Olfactory losses inferred in this study are of comparable magnitude to those measured in earlier studies, in which the odorants were sniffed via the nostrils.

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“…The pyrazines were ordered in the 3D space in Fig. 1.9 on the basis of similarity of odor quality [39]. Next, a set of descriptors (see Table 1.6) was generated by the automated data analysis and pattern recognition toolkit (ADAPT), a computer system for automated data analyses by pattern recognition techniques [40,41].…”

Section: Study 2: Pyrazinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1.9a and 1.9b Two-dimensional cross-sections through the three-dimensional space for pyrazines [39]. Duplicate samples of the same stimulus are represented by two datapoints.…”

Section: Study 2: Pyrazinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to Olfaction: Perception, Anatomy, Physiology, and Molecular Biology

Schiffman

Pearce

2002

Handbook of Machine Olfaction

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Odors are sensations that occur when compounds (called odorants) stimulate receptors located in the olfactory epithelium at the roof of the nasal cavity. Odorants are hydrophobic, volatile compounds with a molecular weight of less than 300 daltons. Humans can recognize and distinguish up to 10 000 different substances on the basis of their odor quality. Odorant receptors (ORs) in the nasal cavity detect and discriminate among these thousands of diverse chemical ligands. An individual odorant can bind to multiple receptor types, and structurally different odorants can bind to a single receptor. Specific patterns of activation generate signals that allow us to discriminate between the vast number of distinct smells. The physicochemical attributes of odorants that induce specific odor sensations are not well understood. The genes that code for ORs have been cloned, and results from cloning studies indicate that ORs are members of a superfamily of hundreds of different G-protein-coupled receptors that possess seven transmembrane domains. A complete knowledge of structureodor relationships in olfaction awaits the three-dimensional analysis of this large family of ORs. Ultimately, simultaneous knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ORs as well as odorants will allow us to develop a pattern recognition paradigm that can predict odor quality.

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Perception of odors of simple pyrazines by young and elderly subjects: A multidimensional analysis

Cited by 31 publications

References 25 publications

Comparative study of aging in the mouse olfactory bulb

Comparative study of aging in the mouse olfactory bulb

Smelling via the mouth: Effect of aging

Introduction to Olfaction: Perception, Anatomy, Physiology, and Molecular Biology

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