In academic and policy literature, 'spirituality' is often associated with the concept of 'spiritual values'. The meaning of 'value' varies across the different disciplines; it can refer to a principle or core belief, a preference, importance or a measure, e.g. size or numbers (Díaz et al., 2015). For instance, Pascual et al. (2022) (refined by Raymond et al., 2023) placed spiritual beliefs and practices within the categories of 'relational values' and 'intrinsic values', which, together with 'instrumental values', are at the core of the elaborate frameworks for biodiversity and ecosystem services value assessment used by the International Panel for Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (IPBES). At the individual level, Scheler (1980) argued that values can be ranked by preference, which is, in essence, based on intuition and not fully on reasoning. The highest in Scheler's value ranking are what he calls 'meta-intentional' values, those absolute values that exist in a 'pure' state of feeling, independently from momentary feelings or life events. These are, for example, moral values and the divine or what Strasser ( 1977) labels 'the level of the spirit'. Spirituality is thus engrained in the highest -or deepest -level of a person's value system. At the same time, it is characterized in literature as 'hard to define', 'hard to measure ), 'intangible', 'ethereal' (Emmons, 2003, 'incommunicable', 'elusive', (Terhaar, 2005; and even 'avoiding definition' altogether (Mitchell, 2016). One thing we can be sure of is that there is no commonly agreed definition of spirituality. Researchers have worked around this problem by adapting definitions to their respective domains of research. However, this has not gone uncontested.An important debate is about the demarcation between 'spirituality' and 'religion', which also lacks consensus (Aldridge, 2000;Smart, 2002;Emmons, 2003;Harrison, 2006). The boundary between the two is vague and varies depending on the writer's viewpoint (Hill & Pergament, 2008). For instance, what William James (2002[1902) described as 'religious experience' in his famous book The Varieties of Religious Experience equates to what others describe as 'spiritual experience ' (e.g. Terhaar, 2005; Champ, 2009in Jansen, 2017. Many authors (e.g. Van Niekerk, 2018) -and many among the general public too -view 'the religious' as a domain of collective and organized belief directed at otherworldly aims while they regard 'the spiritual' as a personal quest for interior wisdom and personal growth based on experience. Others, including myself, understand 'the spiritual' as being not limited to individuals, but as also present in human collectivities. Understanding spirituality in this sense makes it easier to query its impact beyond the individual, e.g. on human behaviour and the planet (